1. Summary description of culture‐specific programs vs control programs Study ID.

Study ID	Setting	Definition of minority	Participants	Description of Culture‐specific intervention	Description of control
Paediatric studies
La Roche 2006	Community Health Centre	African‐American and Hispanic people living in the USA	African‐American or Hispanic descent, children aged 7‐13 years (n = 22)	Multi‐family asthma group treatment (MFAGT) was based on allocentric self‐orientation and socio‐economic context of ethnic minorities. Program delivery included a Hispanic and African‐American educator/psychologist emphasising relational and collaborative asthma management among children, families, primary physician, and mental health specialist (as opposed to learning in isolation from others). Families received three one‐hour education sessions (separate days) covering three modules 1. Identify and monitor asthma symptoms; effectively use medications/resources (e.g. peak flow, medications) to control symptoms. 2. Identifying and preventing asthma triggers 3. Preventing and coping with an asthma attack (e.g. asthma action plans)	Standard Psycho‐educational Asthma Intervention (SPAI). SPAI has the same 3 education modules as intervention group but followed a structured teaching approach without locating asthma symptoms within the socioeconomic or cultural context.
Canino 2008	Home visits	Socially disadvantaged (low‐income and poor) Puerto Rican families living in the USA. They were identified from the national health plan insurance claims database	Poor Puerto Rican children aged 5 to 12 years (n = 221)	Eight asthma education modules, delivered at 2 home visits with telephone contact for follow‐up and reinforcement of recommended plans and assignments. Modules were culturally adapted with inclusions such as common practices and myths that Puerto Rican parents have about asthma, home remedies, culturally congruent pictures, and common asthma triggers in the island, such as Sahara dust and eruptions from Caribbean volcanoes.	Participants given 5 flyers that contained information on asthma (e.g. what is asthma, control and rescue medications, common allergens (including food) and triggers, how to take care of asthma equipment.
Valery 2010	Community Health Centre	First nations people of Australia who make up a minority of the whole Australian population. They are generally a socially disadvantaged group in a high‐income country	Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander children aged < 18 years (n = 113)	Three additional education sessions delivered by trained Indigenous Health Care Workers, using existing paediatric asthma and respiratory education resources which were adapted to support Torres Strait culture at baseline, 1, 3 and 6 months	Education session (identical to intervention group) delivered at baseline
Grover 2016	Hospital (chest clinic)	Indian residents whose first language was not English living in India	Indian children aged between 7 and 12 years (n = 40)	Culturally adapted asthma education program to Indian parents and children with asthma (underpinned by GINA guidelines) using age appropriate, graphically appealing and culturally relevant educational materials. The education program was designed based on key principles of health education and pedagogy and intervention delivered by 2 pharmacists. Asthma education was delivered over 1 hr with child/family, workbooks, goal setting and setting asthma action plan with physician.	Parents and children were given a standard information pack for asthma in line with GINA guidelines.
Adult studies
Moudgil 2000	General practitioners	A sub group of Indian sub‐continent people living in the UK whose first language was not English	White European (WE) or Indian sub‐continent (ISC) participants aged between 11 to 59 years (n = 689)	Individual asthma education session of 40 minutes duration with an asthma educator fluent in each participants own dialect (e.g. English, Punjabi, Hindi or Urdu). Education sessions included; advising GP changes to treatment; optimising treatment, drug delivery, technique, improved knowledge of asthma, disease severity and medication.	Usual care and follow‐up; 'generic' asthma programme.
Blixen 2001	Hospital	African‐American people living in the USA. They are generally a socially disadvantaged group in a high‐income country	African‐American adults aged between 18 to 50 years (n = 28)	Three one‐hour individual asthma self‐management educational sessions; workbook modified to be culturally appropriate to African Americans; MDI technique and peak flow monitoring video featuring a well‐known African‐American asthma researcher.	Usual care and follow‐up; 'generic' asthma programme.
Poureslami 2012	Usually home or pulmonary clinic	Immigrants to Canada whose first language was not English (e.g. non‐Indigenous to Canada)	Migrants in greater Vancouver Area, who spoke Mandarin, Cantonese or Punjabi with asthma aged > 21 years (n = 92)	Effectiveness of different formats of culturally and linguistically modified asthma education and their impact on self‐management.Participants were allocated to one of three groups below. 1. Physician‐led knowledge video 2. Patient‐generated community video 3. Knowledge and community video	Received a pictorial pamphlet on asthma.