Poureslami 2012.

Methods	A randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of different formats of culturally relevant asthma education on self‐management in Punjabi and Chinese asthma patients in Canada.
Participants	Inclusion criteria: Adults with a physician diagnosis of asthma, used asthma medications daily, > 21 years, immigrated to Canada within the last 20 years, lives in the Greater Vancouver Area, and spoke Mandarin, Cantonese or Punjabi. Exclusion criteria: Not stated Number physician confirmed asthmatics: n = 167 Number participated in development of educational intervention: n = 35 Number participated in focus group session: n = 40 Number randomised in the educational intervention: n = 92 (n = 4 groups) Group 1: Physician‐led knowledge video n = 22 Group 2: Patient‐generated community video n = 21 Group 3: Knowledge and Community video n = 20 Group 4: Pictorial pamphlet n = 22
Interventions	The overarching purpose of this study was to conduct a community‐based research project to develop culturally and linguistically appropriate educational intervention to improve self‐management of asthma among immigrants to Canada. 167 asthmatic adults were recruited at a University Pulmonary medical clinic in Vancouver using a convenience sampling method. This study was subsequently split into three parts. Part 1 ‐ Development of educational resources (two educational videos on knowledge and community views and educational pamphlet) (n = 35 participants) Part 2 ‐ Randomised controlled trial (n = 92 participants) Part 3 ‐ Focus group session (n = 40 participants) Participants recruitment dates for RCT: Not stated Sample size: n = 92 Intervention group: Education interventions took place in a convenient place for participants (usually in their home or clinic). Participants were interviewed using bilingual and bicultural experienced moderators who were blinded to study groups and study hypothesis. Participants in the intervention group consisted of three groups. Group 1: Physician‐led knowledge video Group 2: Patient‐generated community video Group 3: Knowledge and Community video Participants undertook a pre‐test assessment, followed by a 1‐month education intervention based on their group allocation. This was followed by a 3‐month follow‐up post‐test assessment. Immediately after receiving the education intervention, participants were asked a series of standardised qualitative questions. 6 months after the post‐test assessment, participants were called to assess their self‐management using a shorter version of the study questionnaire. Control group: Education interventions took place in a convenient place for participants (usually in their home or clinic). Participants were interviewed using bilingual and bicultural experienced moderators who were blinded to study groups and study hypothesis. Control participants (group) four received a pictorial pamphlet for asthma. They followed the same process as the intervention group with respect to pre and post assessments.
Outcomes	Knowledge of asthma symptoms Knowledge of asthma triggers Self‐reported medication adherence Proper use of inhaler medication (self‐reported) Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months
Notes	It was not clear if any participants were lost to follow‐up. We assumed all participants were included in the final analysis (n = 92). Funding: Canadian Institutes of Health Research and The Centre for Lung Health at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Authors describe participants were recruited from a convenience sample, however randomisation process not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Study authors did not describe how allocation was concealed
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Education intervention and assessments were done individually at participants home or in clinic. Personnel conducting assessments were blinded to study groups
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Personnel conducting assessments were blinded to study groups
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Authors do not describe if any participants withdrew or were lost to follow‐up. Baseline characteristics were reported as one group
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Authors do not report descriptive data. Intention‐to‐treat analysis not used
Other bias	Unclear risk	Unclear whether the original 167 asthmatics participated in more than one step of the development phase (e.g. development of asthma education or focus group)