Comparison 7. Psychological interventions versus usual and enhanced diabetes care.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Diabetes‐related distress	14	5208	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.13, 0.00]
2 Diabetes‐related distress (with types of setting subgroup)	14	5208	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.13, 0.00]
2.1 Community‐based studies	10	4655	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.08 [‐0.16, ‐0.00]
2.2 Hospital‐based studies	4	553	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.15, 0.18]
3 Diabetes‐related distress (with types of intervention subgroup)	14	5211	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.13, ‐0.00]
3.1 Longer and more advanced interventions	9	3366	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.11, 0.04]
3.2 Brief and simple interventions	5	1845	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.15 [‐0.31, 0.01]
4 Diabetes‐related distress (with age subgroup)	14	5211	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.13, ‐0.00]
4.1 Age < 60 years	8	2005	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.13, 0.04]
4.2 Age ≥ 60 years	6	3206	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.10 [‐0.22, 0.02]
5 Health‐related quality of life	4	1683	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.13, 0.09]
6 Adverse events	5	1035	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.80 [0.79, 4.09]
7 Self efficacy	6	3310	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.13 [0.00, 0.27]
8 HbA1c	14	4859	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.09 [‐0.21, 0.03]
9 HbA1c (with types of setting subgroup)	14	4859	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.09 [‐0.21, 0.03]
9.1 Community‐based studies	10	4309	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.08 [‐0.20, 0.04]
9.2 Hospital‐based studies	4	550	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.57, 0.44]
10 HbA1c (with types of intervention subgroup)	13	4732	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.08 [‐0.20, 0.05]
10.1 Longer and more advanced interventions	8	2925	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.19 [‐0.38, ‐0.00]
10.2 Brief and simple interventions	5	1807	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.14, 0.19]
11 HbA1c (with age subgroup)	13	4732	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.08 [‐0.20, 0.05]
11.1 Age < 60 years	7	1551	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.19 [‐0.49, 0.12]
11.2 Age < 60 years	6	3181	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.11, 0.06]
12 Systolic blood pressure	5	2391	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐1.46, 1.47]
13 Diastolic blood pressure	5	2391	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.10 [‐0.93, 0.74]
14 All‐cause mortality	3	1376	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.01 [0.17, 6.03]