| Study | Main component of psychological intervention (type of intervention) | Sex (female %) | Age (mean/range years (SD), or as reported) | HbA1c (%) | BMI (mean kg/m² (SD)) | Co‐medications/Co‐interventions (% of participants) | Comorbidities (% of participants) |
| Beverly 2013 | I: cognition focused (group education) |
48 | 59.9 (8.5) | 8.5 (1.4) | 34.6 (7.0) | — | — |
| C: enhanced usual care (educational classes not focusing on diabetes care) |
55 | 58.4 (9.0) | 8.3 (1.0) | 33.7 (7.1) | — | — | |
| Davies 2008 | I: cognition focused (group education) |
47 | 59.0 (28.0‐87.0) | 8.3 (2.2) | 32.3 (6.1) | Prescribed oral hypoglycaemic agents: 17% | Smokers: 14% |
| C: enhanced usual care (additional contact time with healthcare professionals) |
43 | 60.0 (29‐87) | 7.9 (2.0) | 32.4 (6.5) | Prescribed oral hypoglycaemic agents: 12% | Smokers: 16% | |
| Dennick 2015 | I: emotion focused (writing about different aspects of life, thoughts and feelings) |
39 | 63.9 (41–80 (9.2) | 7.0 | 30.6 (6.0) | Tablets and insulin: 4% | ≥ 1 complication: 52% |
| C: cognition focused (writing about previous days' activities) |
39 | 67.8 (52–84 (10.7) | 6.9 | 30.1 (7.1) | Tablets and insulin: 11% | ≥ 1 complication: 50% | |
| D'Eramo Melkus 2010 | I: emotion‐cognition components (cognitive behavioural self‐management training) |
100 | 47 (9) | 8.0 | — | — | Current smoker: 25% |
| C: cognition focused (group education) |
100 | 45 (10) | 8.3 | — | — | Current smoker: 25% | |
| Fisher 2011 | I: cognition focused (self‐monitoring of blood glucose) |
47 | 54.8 (10.1) | 8.9 (1.2) | 35.0 (7.8) | — | — |
| C: enhanced care (additional quarterly diabetes‐focused physician visits) |
46 | 57.0 (11.2) | 8.9 (1.2) | 35.1 (6.7) | — | — | |
| Fisher 2013 | I1: cognition focused (computer‐assisted self‐management) |
48 | 57.0 (8.8) | 7.45 (1.5)a | 32.1 (7.17) | Insulin use: 15.3% | No. of comorbidities/ complications: 3.4 |
| I2: emotion‐cognition components (computer‐assisted self‐management + problem solving) |
56 | 55.8 (9.4) | 7.34 (1.6)a | 33.9 (7.9) | Insulin use: 19.2% | No. of comorbidities/ complications: 3.2 | |
| C: cognition focused (general diabetes support and education) |
59 | 55.2 (10.9) | 7.45 (1.7)a | 33.3 (8.4) | Insulin use: 19.8% | No. of comorbidities/ complications: 3.6 | |
| Gabbay 2013 | I: cognition focused (motivational interviewing) |
62 | 58 (11) | 8.8 (2.4) | 34.0 (7.4) | — | — |
| C: usual care (standard diabetes care) |
55 | 58 (11) | 9.1 (2.3) | 34.8 (8.8) | — | — | |
| Glasgow 2005 | I: cognition focused (computer‐assisted self‐management) |
53 | 61.5 (12.6) | — | — | — | No. of chronic conditions: 1.9 (1.5) ≥ 5 comorbid illnesses: 6.1% |
| C: enhanced care (computer information without self‐management) |
51 | 64.6 (12.4) | — | — | — | No. of chronic conditions: 2.2 (1.4) ≥ 5 comorbid illnesses: 6.5% | |
| Grillo 2016 | I: cognition focused (self‐management education) |
71 | 61.7 (9.9) | 8.8 (1.9) | 30.7 (5.7) | Oral agents: 58% Oral agents and insulin: 36% Insulin alone: 6% | Hypertension: 91.3% Dyslipidaemia: 82.6% Smoking: 21.7% Sedentary: 84% |
| C: enhanced care (group meetings without education) |
56 | 63.2 (9.7) | 9.1 (2.0) | 29.9 (5.8) | Oral agents: 62% Oral agents and insulin: 34% Insulin alone: 4% | Hypertension: 91.2% Dyslipidaemia: 75.0% Smoking: 14.7% Sedentary: 88% | |
| Hermanns 2012 | I: emotion‐cognition components (self‐management programme) |
52 | 62.0 (8.7) | 8.4 (1.5) | 33.3 (5.6) | Oral antidiabetic: 46.2% Antihypertensive: 81.7% | No. of complications: 1.2 |
| C: cognition focused (combination of 2 education programmes) |
37 | 63.9 (7.8) | 8.3 (1.2) | 33.4 (6.2) | Oral antidiabetic: 60.4% Antihypertensive: 82.4% | No. of complications: 1.2 | |
| Hermanns 2015 | I: emotion‐cognition components (cognitive behaviour treatment) |
57 | 43.2 (14.9) | 8.9 (1.8) | 29.8 (7.7) | — | MicroCx: 53.8 MacroCx: 17.0 |
| C: cognition focused (group education) |
57 | 43.4 (13.8) | 8.9 (1.8) | 27.7 (6.3) | — | MicroCx: 45.4 MacroCx: 6.5 |
|
| Lamers 2011 | I: emotion‐cognition components (cognitive behaviour therapy) |
54 | 70.7 (6.6) | 7.5 (1.2) | — | Insulin and oral antidiabetic: 14.3% | — |
| C: usual care (standard diabetes care) |
52 | 69.7 (6.6) | 7.2 (1.4) | — | Insulin and oral antidiabetic: 20.8% | — | |
| Lerman 2009 | I1: cognition focused (telephone contacts) |
83 | 59.0 (9) | 8.5 (1.4) | 26.9 (4.5) | — | — |
| I2: cognition focused (group‐based education) | 63 | 58.0 (11) | 8.3 (1.7) | 27.8 (4.7) | — | — | |
| C: standard care (standard diabetes care) |
59 | 55.0 (10) | 9.3 (1.9) | 28.7 (6.2) | — | — | |
| Liu 2015 | I: emotion‐cognition components (peer education) |
73 | 62.6 (6.3) | 7.34 (1.2) | 24.5 (2.7) | — | Smoking 26% |
| C: cognition focused (diabetes health education) |
64 | 64.1 (4.7) | 7.39 (1.1) | 24.7 (2.7) | — | Smoking 23% | |
| Pibernik‐Okanovic 2015 | I1: emotion‐cognition components (psycho‐educational intervention) | 40 | 57.7 (6.2) | 7.4 (1.2) | 30.64 (4.5) | Insulin: 32 | — |
| I2: cognition focused (physical activity intervention) |
37 | 58.5 (4.8) | 7.2 (1.1) | 29.44 (4.7) | Insulin: 29 | — | |
| C1: emotion‐cognition components (enhanced diabetes care) |
36 | 58.2 (5.6) | 7.2 (1.1) | 29.96 (4.4) | Insulin: 32 | — | |
| Quinn 2011 | I1: cognition focused (coach + mobile diabetes management software) |
48 | 52.8 (8.0) | 9.3 | 36.9 (7.5) | — | Hypertension: 78.3% Hypercholesterolaemia: 47.8% Coronary artery disease: 8.7% Microvascular complications: 4.3% |
| I2: cognition focused (coach + mobile diabetes management software + Internet portal) | 55 | 53.7 (8.2) | 9.0 | 35.5 (10.3) | — | Hypertension: 59.1% Hypercholesterolaemia: 63.6% Coronary artery disease: 0 % Microvascular complications: 9.1% | |
| I3: cognition focused (coach + mobile diabetes management software + Internet portal + decision support) | 50 | 52 (8.0) | 9.9 | 35.8 (7.1) | — | Hypertension: 69.4% Hypercholesterolaemia: 58.1% Coronary artery disease: 8.1% Microvascular complications: 9.7% | |
| C: usual care (standard diabetes care) |
50 | 53.2 (8.4) | 9.2 | 34.3 (6.3) | — | Hypertension: 51.8% Hypercholesterolaemia: 60.7% Coronary artery disease: 8.9% Microvascular complications: 14.3% | |
| Rosenbek 2011 | I: emotion‐cognition components (motivational interviewing) |
48 | 57.1 (12.6) | 7.0 (1.2) | 30.8 (5.8) | Insulin: 27 OHA: 46 Antihypertensive treatment: 60 | — |
| C: usual care (standard diabetes care) |
51 | 55.8 (11.6) | 7.0 (1.2) | 31.1 (6.3) | Insulin: 30 OHA: 42 Antihypertensive treatment: 62 | — | |
| Shibayama 2007 | I: emotion‐cognition components (behavioural counselling) |
35 | 61 (8) | 7.3 (0.8) | 25 (6) | Oral antidiabetic: 89.6% | — |
| C: usual care (standard diabetes care) |
35 | 62 (7) | 7.4 (0.7) | 25 (5) | Oral antidiabetic: 82.1% | — | |
| Simmons 2015 | I1: emotion‐cognition components (group peer support) | 35 | 65.2 (10.2) | 7.5 (1.3) | 31.9 (5.8) | Insulin: 16.1 | Smoking: 8.8 |
| I2: emotion‐cognition components (group and individual support) | 41 | 65.3 (9.3) | 7.3 (1.3) | 32.1 (5.8) | Insulin: 17.4 | Smoking: 8.4 | |
| I3: emotion focused (individual peer support) |
42 | 65.2 (8.9) | 7.4 (1.3) | 32.7 (6.4) | Insulin: 19.1 | Smoking: 8.8 | |
| C: usual care (standard diabetes care) |
41 | 64.6 (10.3) | 7.3 (1.3) | 32.1 (6.1) | Insulin: 14.6 | Smoking: 11.8 | |
| Skelly 2009 | I1: cognition focused (symptom‐focused) | 100 | Median 68.5 | 8.4 (1.6) | — | Insulin and oral antidiabetic: 40% | Median no. of complication: 4 |
| I2: cognition focused (symptom‐focused with telephone booster) | 100 | Median 65 | 8.3 (1.6) | — | Insulin and oral antidiabetic: 33% | Median no. of complication: 4 | |
| C: enhanced usual care (weight and diet programme) |
100 | Median 68 | 8.1 (1.6) | — | Insulin and oral antidiabetic: 36% | Median no. of complication: 4 | |
| Spencer 2013 | I: emotion‐cognition components (community health worker intervention) |
75 | 50 | 8.6 | — | — | Diabetes complications: 2.4% |
| C: waiting list or usual care (information on community activities) |
67 | 55 | 8.5 | — | — | Diabetes complications: 2.9% | |
| Sperl‐Hillen 2013 | I1: cognition focused (individual education) |
49 | 62 | 8.1 | — | Insulin use: 32.5% | — |
| I2: cognition focused (group education) |
8.1 | — | Insulin use: 22.7% | — | |||
| C: usual care (standard diabetes care) |
8.1 | — | Insulin use: 36.7% | — | |||
| Sturt 2008 | I: emotion‐cognition components (diabetes manual structured education) |
39 | 62 (51‐71) | 8.9 (1.5) | 31.8 (6.7) | — | Other chronic conditions: 45% |
| C: waiting list or usual care (standard diabetes care) |
40 | 62 (53‐70) | 8.8 (1.5) | 31.6 (6.1) | — | Other chronic conditions: 50% | |
| Taylor 2006 | I1: emotion‐cognition components (cognitive‐behavioural therapy) |
72 | 69 | — | — | — | — |
| I2: emotion‐cognition components (expressive writing) |
66 | — | — | — | — | ||
| C: waiting list or usual care (standard diabetes care) |
68 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Trief 2016 | I1: emotion‐cognition components (behaviour change intervention, couples) |
37 | 57.8 (10.8) | 8.9 (1.3) | 35.7 (6.3) | — | — |
| I2: emotion‐cognition components (behaviour change intervention, individuals) |
38 | 55.6 (11.4) | 9.3 (1.7) | 36 (8.2) | — | — | |
| C: cognition focused (individual diabetes education) |
41 | 56.9 (10.4) | 9.1 (1.6) | 36 (8.1) | — | — | |
| Van der Wulp 2012 | I: cognition focused (peer‐led self‐management coaching programme) |
44 | 60.0 | — | — | Oral antidiabetic: 64.4% Insulin: 1.7% | — |
| C: usual care standard diabetes care) |
47 | 62.5 | — | — | Oral antidiabetic: 63.3% Insulin: 0% | — | |
| Van Dijk‐de Vries 2015 | I: emotion‐cognition components (self‐management support in routine care) |
47 | 64 (10) | 53.0 (11.2) mmol/mol | — | Oral antidiabetic: 61% Insulin: 9% | — |
| C: usual care (standard diabetes care) |
46 | 66 (9) | 51.8 (10.2) mmol/mol | — | Oral antidiabetic: 76% Insulin: 3% | — | |
| Weinger 2011 | I1: emotion‐cognition components (behavioural strategies) | 45 (subgroup with T2DM) |
58.4 (36.6‐75.1) (subgroup with T2DM) |
9.0 (7.6‐13.6) (subgroup with T2DM) |
32.4 (19.0‐57.8) (subgroup with T2DM) |
— | — |
| C1: cognition focused (group attention) | |||||||
| C2: cognition focused (individual attention) | |||||||
| Welch 2015 | I: emotion‐cognition components (one‐to‐one diabetes education) |
61 | 54.8 (10.3) | 8.9 (1.4) | 35.4 (7.7) | — | High distress: 62.9 Major depression: 32.7 |
| C: cognition focused (standard diabetes care) |
59 | 55.2 (11.9) | 9.0 (1.5) | 33.9 (7.5) | — | High distress: 50.5 Major depression: 41.2 | |
| Whittemore 2004 | I: emotion‐cognition components (nurse coaching) |
100 | 57.6 (10.9) | 7.7 (1) | 36.5 (7) | — | Overweight or obese: 96% |
| C: usual care (standard diabetes care) |
100 | 7.6 (1) | 34.8 (7) | — | |||
| —: not reported aTrial authors provided data that were not reported in the article BMI: body mass index; C: comparator; HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; I: intervention; OHA: oral hypoglycemic agents; SD: standard deviation | |||||||
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