4. Work of breathing (joules/minute ‐ mean).
| Study | HH | HME | Participants |
| Girault 2003 | 9.86 | 16.50 | 11 |
| Iotti 1997 | 13.6 | 20.8 | 10 |
HH: heated humidification; HME: heat and moisture exchangers.
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