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. 2019 Apr 25;9:6547. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43057-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Amelioration of airway inflammation by T. spiralis ES protein-induced macrophage transfer before asthma induction. PenH was evaluated at baseline and after administration with increasing doses of aerosolized methacholine (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/mL) at day 24 (A). All animals were sacrificed on day 25. After sacrificing the mice, the numbers of differential immune cells in the BALF were counted after Diff-Quik staining (B). The lungs were isolated from mice, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, stained with H&E, and then examined for histopathological changes under a microscope. Cytokine production was measured in lymphocytes isolated from BALF (D–F) and LLN (G) by ELISA. White bar: 100 μm. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA (*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001; n = 3–5 mice/group; these results are representative of independent experiments).