Table 1.
Basic characteristics of participants by baseline heart rate and change of heart rate.
| Variables | Baseline heart rate | Change in heart rate | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <65 bpm | 65 to 80 bpm | >80 bpm | P Valuea | <−5 bpm | −5 to 15 bpm | >15 bpm | P Valuea | |
| No. | 2211 | 14472 | 4145 | 1722 | 5984 | 1426 | ||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 62.0 (7.9) | 60.8 (7.8) | 60.2 (8.2) | <0.001 | 61.6 (7.2) | 61.0 (7.2) | 61.5 (7.6) | 0.39 |
| Men, No. (%) | 1127 (51.0) | 5903 (40.8) | 1775 (42.8) | <0.001 | 829 (48.1) | 2443 (40.8) | 566 (39.7) | <0.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 23.8 (3.1) | 23.9 (3.2) | 23.5 (3.3) | <0.001 | 23.9 (3.1) | 23.9 (3.2) | 23.7 (3.3) | 0.14 |
| Smoking status, No. (%)b | ||||||||
| Current smoker | 518 (23.4) | 2667 (18.4) | 785 (18.9) | 0.01 | 384 (22.3) | 1085 (18.1) | 236 (16.5) | <0.001 |
| Former smoker | 218 (9.9) | 1225 (8.5) | 389 (9.4) | 163 (9.5) | 508 (8.5) | 115 (8.1) | ||
| Never smoker | 1471 (66.5) | 10493 (72.5) | 2961 (71.4) | 1169 (67.9) | 4369 (73.0) | 1069 (75.0) | ||
| Alcohol intake status, No. (%)c | ||||||||
| Current drinker | 602 (27.2) | 3449 (23.8) | 1085 (26.2) | 0.91 | 450 (26.1) | 1392 (23.3) | 280 (19.6) | <0.001 |
| Former drinker | 80 (3.6) | 574 (4.0) | 158 (3.8) | 66 (3.8) | 222 (3.7) | 50 (3.5) | ||
| Never drinker | 1526 (69.0) | 10428 (72.1) | 2895 (69.8) | 1204 (69.9) | 4367 (73.0) | 1096 (76.9) | ||
| Education level, No. (%) | ||||||||
| Primary school or below | 485 (21.9) | 3371 (23.3) | 790 (19.1) | 0.08 | 516 (30.0) | 1658 (27.7) | 415 (29.1) | 0.26 |
| Middle school | 767 (34.7) | 5335 (36.9) | 1533 (37.0) | 635 (36.9) | 2234 (37.3) | 517 (36.3) | ||
| High school or beyond | 939 (42.5) | 5655 (39.1) | 1798 (43.4) | 560 (32.5) | 2041 (34.1) | 482 (33.8) | ||
| Physical activity (yes), No. (%)d | 1604 (72.5) | 10162 (70.2) | 2818 (68.0) | <0.001 | 1196 (69.5) | 4253 (71.1) | 1021 (71.6) | 0.17 |
| CVD family history, No. (%)e | 214 (9.7) | 1564 (10.8) | 504 (12.2) | 0.001 | 148 (8.6) | 521 (8.7) | 121 (8.5) | 0.93 |
| Hypertension, No. (%)f | 604 (27.3) | 4863 (33.6) | 1888 (45.5) | <0.001 | 591 (34.3) | 1852 (30.9) | 464 (32.5) | 0.21 |
| Hyperlipidemia, No. (%)g | 727 (32.9) | 4960 (34.3) | 1559 (37.6) | <0.001 | 637 (37.0) | 2107 (35.2) | 557 (39.1) | 0.32 |
| Diabetes, No. (%)h | 236 (10.7) | 1668 (11.5) | 687 (16.6) | <0.001 | 191 (11.1) | 709 (11.8) | 249 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| Baseline heart rate, mean (SD), bpm | 60.5 (2.6) | 72.8 (4.7) | 89.2 (7.9) | <0.001 | 79.6 (10.2) | 71.8 (7.8) | 69.2 (7.4) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease.
aFor linear trend, regression analyses were used for continuous variables; χ2 tests were used for proportions of categorical variables.
bCurrent smoker was defined as smoking at least one cigarette per day for more than half a year. Former smoker was defined as quitted smoking for more than a month.
cCurrent drinker was defined as drinking at least one time per week for more than half a year. Former drinker was defined as quitted drinking for more than a month.
dPhysical activity was defined as exercise for at least 20 min per week for more than half a year.
eCVD family history was defined as CHD or stroke in a first degree relative (father, mother, siblings, or children).
fHypertension was defined as self-reported physician diagnosis of hypertension, or SBP ≥140 mmHg, or DBP ≥90 mmHg, or taking antihypertensive medications.
gHyperlipidemia was defined as self-reported physician diagnosis of hyperlipidemia, or TC ≥6.22 mmol/L, or TG ≥2.26 mmol/L, or LDL ≥4.14 mmol/L, or HDL < 1.04 mmol/L, or taking lipid lowering medications.
hDiabetes was defined as self-reported physician diagnosis of diabetes, or FG ≥7.0 mmol/L, or taking oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin.