Table 3.
Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for cardiovascular events by change of heart rate in men and women.
| Outcomes | <−5 bpm | −5 to 15 bpm | >15 bpm |
|---|---|---|---|
| CVD | |||
| All | |||
| Events/Person-years | 215/5791 | 712/20235 | 163/4814 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | Reference | 0.91 (0.77–1.09) |
| Men | |||
| Events/Person-years | 113/2775 | 339/8191 | 81/1870 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | Reference | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) |
| Women | |||
| Events/Person-years | 102/3016 | 373/12044 | 82/2944 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 1.13 (0.89–1.43) | Reference | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) |
| CHD | |||
| All | |||
| Events/Person-years | 179/5855 | 584/20432 | 135/4847 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | Reference | 0.92 (0.76–1.12) |
| Men | |||
| Events/Person-years | 90/2812 | 265/8288 | 63/1897 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 0.92 (0.72–1.19) | Reference | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) |
| Women | |||
| Events/Person-years | 89/3043 | 319/12144 | 72/2950 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 1.14 (0.89–1.47) | Reference | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) |
| ACS | |||
| All | |||
| Events/Person-years | 68/5855 | 181/20432 | 43/4847 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 1.21 (0.90–1.63) | Reference | 0.93 (0.66–1.30) |
| Men | |||
| Events/Person-years | 42/2812 | 86/8288 | 24/1897 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 1.31 (0.88–1.94) | Reference | 1.18 (0.75–1.88) |
| Women | |||
| Events/Person-years | 26/3043 | 95/12144 | 19/2950 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 1.11 (0.69–1.76) | Reference | 0.73 (0.44–1.21) |
| Stroke | |||
| All | |||
| Events/Person-years | 36/6103 | 128/21308 | 28/5068 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 0.96 (0.65–1.43) | Reference | 0.89 (0.59–1.35) |
| Men | |||
| Events/Person-years | 23/2929 | 74/8636 | 18/1967 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 0.95 (0.58–1.56) | Reference | 1.05 (0.63–1.78) |
| Women | |||
| Events/Person-years | 13/3174 | 54/12672 | 10/3101 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 0.98 (0.51–1.86) | Reference | 0.72 (0.36–1.42) |
| Ischemic stroke | |||
| All | |||
| Events/Person-years | 29/6103 | 103/21308 | 22/5068 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 0.91 (0.59–1.42) | Reference | 0.87 (0.55–1.39) |
| Men | |||
| Events/Person-years | 18/2929 | 58/8636 | 15/1967 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 0.91 (0.52–1.60) | Reference | 1.12 (0.63–1.99) |
| Women | |||
| Events/Person-years | 11/3174 | 45/12672 | 7/3101 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 0.91 (0.45–1.86) | Reference | 0.60 (0.27–1.34) |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | |||
| All | |||
| Events/Person-years | 7/6103 | 25/21308 | 6/5068 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 1.19 (0.49–2.91) | Reference | 0.98 (0.40–2.40) |
| Men | |||
| Events/Person-years | 5/2929 | 16/8636 | 3/1967 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 1.11 (0.38–3.24) | Reference | 0.80 (0.23–2.79) |
| Women | |||
| Events/Person-years | 2/3174 | 9/12672 | 3/3101 |
| AHR (95% CI)a | 1.35 (0.27–6.75) | Reference | 1.30 (0.34–4.92) |
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; AHR, adjusted hazard ratio.
aHazard ratios were stratified for age at risk, gender, and adjusted for baseline heart rate, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake status, education, physical activity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, family history of CVD, diabetes.