| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Abrahamsson 1994 | Not a primary study |
| Ampatzoglou 2015 | Short‐term intervention |
| Anderson 1978 | Not specifically whole grain Not RCT or CCT |
| Anderson 1979 | Not specifically whole grain Participants not free‐living Not RCT or CCT Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Anderson 2009 | Not RCT |
| Andersson 2007 | Intervention < 12 weeks |
| Asp 1981 | Not specifically whole grain Cannot isolate the effect of whole grain Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Azadbakht 2005 | Cannot separate effect of whole grain |
| Beer 2000 | Not whole grain |
| Behall 2004a | Cannot isolate the effect of whole grain. (Intervention groups are barley, barley and whole grain, or whole grain. Not clear if all the barley‐based foods are whole grain, but any comparison would be whole grain versus whole grain.) |
| Behall 2004b | Cannot isolate the effect of whole grain. (Intervention groups are barley, barley and whole grain, or whole grain. Not clear if all the barley‐based foods are whole grain, but any comparison would be whole grain versus whole grain.) |
| Behall 2006 | All 3 diets are whole grain, so comparison is one type of whole grain against another. |
| Berg 2003 | Inpatients |
| Birkeland 1991 | From translation of paper, both the intervention and control groups were given products containing oat bran, which did not meet the definition of whole grain for this review. |
| Birketvedt 2000 | Not whole grain |
| Bodinham 2011 | Only 3‐week intervention |
| Bourdon 1999 | Not whole grain Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Braaten 1994 | Not whole grain |
| Brock 2006 | Postprandial study only |
| Brownlee 2013 | Not lipid or blood pressure outcomes. Main outcomes are reported in Brownlee 2010, which is an included study. This study reports longer‐term effects of the intervention on whole grain consumption. |
| Bruce 2000 | Not whole grain |
| Brussaard 1981 | Not whole grain |
| Bruttomesso 1989 | Not specifically whole grain |
| Burley 1987 | Not RCT |
| Burr 1989 | Not specifically whole grain |
| Buyken 2000 | Not RCT |
| Cairella 1995 | Not specifically whole grain |
| Cara 1992 | Not whole grain |
| Carvalho‐Wells 2010 | Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Chandalia 2000 | Not specifically whole grain |
| Chang 2013 | Macronutrients not reported. |
| Charlton 2012 | Intervention < 12 weeks |
| Chen 2006 | Not whole grain |
| Chi 2012 | Not whole grain, mixture of different carbohydrates including corn and soya |
| Cohen 1980 | Not whole grain (guar gum, bran) |
| Collier 1982 | Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Comi 1995 | Not specifically whole grain |
| Connell 1975 | Not whole grain |
| Connolly 2016 | Relevant study, RCT, relevant outcomes, but only 6‐week intervention |
| Costabile 2008 | < 4 weeks, outcomes not relevant |
| Crapo 1981 | Not whole grain Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Cugnet‐Anceau 2010 | Not whole grain |
| Data 1980 | Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Dattilo 1992 | Not RCT |
| Davidson 1991 | Intervention < 12 weeks |
| Davy 2002a | Comparison is whole grain versus whole grain; cannot isolate effect of whole grain. |
| Davy 2002b | Cannot isolate the effect of whole grain |
| Demark‐Wahnefried 1990 | Not whole grain |
| de Mello 2011 | Does not report lipid or BP outcomes |
| Di Capua 2010 | Only 3‐week intervention |
| Dixit 2011 | Not RCT |
| Ebell 2000 | Not specifically whole grain |
| Eliasson 1992 | Not whole grain |
| Ellis 2005 | Not RCT |
| Fappa 2013 | Outcomes not relevant, < 12 weeks |
| Fehily 1986 | Intervention is whole grain and bran. 4‐week intervention |
| Fordyce‐Baum 1989 | Product is described as a whole wheat protein isolate. We contacted the authors but were unable to obtain any further information on the nature of the product. |
| Fung 2002 | Not RCT |
| Giacco 2010 | Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Golay 1992 | Not specifically whole grain Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Guzic 1994 | Not whole grain |
| Hagander 1985 | Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Hagander 1988 | Not specifically whole grain |
| He 1995 | Not RCT |
| Heaton 1976 | Participants not diagnosed with CHD or risk factors. Not concurrent control? |
| Hoffman 1982 | Not specifically whole grain Participants not free‐living Not RCT Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Hollenbeck 1986 | Not specifically whole grain Cannot isolate effect of whole grain |
| Hunninghake 1994 | Not whole grain |
| Jacobs 2002 | Outcome is serum enterolactone, which was not a specified outcome for this review. |
| Jang 2001 | Not specifically whole grain Cannot isolate the effect of whole grain |
| Jenkins 1985 | Not specifically whole grain Not RCT |
| Jenkins 1993 | Not specifically whole grain |
| Jenkins 2008 | Comparison is high cereal fibre vs low glycaemic index, but not all differences due to whole grain. |
| Johnston 1998 | Intervention < 12 weeks |
| Judd 1981 | Cannot isolate effect of whole grains Not RCT Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Juntunen 2002 | Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Juntunen 2003 | Intervention group consumed wholemeal rye bread enriched with rye bran; cannot isolate the effect of whole grain. Confirmation of composition of bread received from authors (K Juntunen). |
| Kabir 2002 | Cannot isolate the effect of whole grain |
| Karl 2016 | Relevant study, RCT, relevant outcomes, but only 6‐week intervention |
| Karlstrom 1984 | Not specifically whole grain Participants not free‐living Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Karmally 2005 | Intervention < 12 weeks (6 weeks) |
| Katz 2001a | Cannot isolate the effect of whole grain |
| Katz 2001b | Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Kay 1977 | Not whole grain Not RCT Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Kay 1981 | Not specifically whole grain Participants not free‐living Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Keenan 2002 | Intervention < 12 weeks |
| Kesaniemi 1990 | Not specifically whole grain |
| Kim 2008 | Intervention < 12 weeks |
| Kirwan 2016 | Relevant study, RCT, relevant outcomes, but only 8‐week intervention |
| Kleemola 1999 | Not whole grain |
| Kris‐Etherton 2002 | Not specifically whole grain |
| Lakshmi 1996 | Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Lankinen 2010 | Compares 2 diets containing whole grain, but whole grain not the only component, so cannot identify effect of whole grain |
| Leinonen 1999 | Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Leinonen 2000 | Intervention < 12 weeks |
| Liese 2003 | Not RCT |
| Lousley 1984 | Not specifically whole grain Different macronutrient (carbohydrate) compositions |
| MacKay 2012 | Comparison is WG sourdough versus refined white (not equivalent comparison). Intervention < 12 weeks |
| MacMahon 1998 | Not whole grain |
| Maki 2003 | Cannot isolate effect of whole grain |
| Maki 2007 | Oat β‐glucan but not whole grain |
| Manhire 1981 | Intervention is the effect of whole grain plus the withdrawal of refined sugars; cannot isolate effect of whole grain. |
| Mathur 1968 | Not specifically whole grain Not RCT |
| McGeoch 2013 | Intervention < 12 weeks |
| McIntosh 1991 | Cannot specifically isolate the effect of whole grain |
| McIntosh 2003 | No included outcomes. Intervention < 12 weeks |
| Melanson 2006 | No included outcomes |
| Meydani 2016 | Relevant study, RCT, lipid outcomes, but 6‐week intervention |
| Moazzami 2012 | Comparison is whole grain vs whole grain. |
| Montonen 2003 | Not RCT |
| Nielsen 1988 | Not whole grain Intervention < 4 weeks |
| O'Kell 1988 | Dietary intakes not reported, and compliance unclear |
| Odes 1993 | Not whole grain cereal |
| Pacy 1986 | Not RCT |
| Pereira 2002 | No lipid or blood pressure outcomes. The primary outcomes of this study relate to insulin sensitivity. As there is now a separate published review on whole grains and diabetes outcomes in which this study was included (Priebe 2008), it has now been excluded from the present review, for which the main outcomes relate to CVD and lipid and blood pressure outcomes. |
| Pins 2002 | Excluded due to a lack of clarity about the relative macronutrient content of the diets. There is a reference to the macronutrient data in the paper (Table reference T2) to the journal website. However, the data were not available there, so we attempted to contact the authors, but were unable to find up‐to‐date contact details. In the original version of this review this study was included as it aimed for the same macronutrient content in both arms. It was marked as awaiting further information. We have been unable to verify the relative macronutrient of the diets (as above), so the study is now excluded. |
| Poulter 1993 | Cannot isolate the effect of whole grain |
| Rave 2007 | Not relevant comparison ‐ whole grain vs nutrient replacement product |
| Reynolds 1989 | Abstract only ‐ no full paper found We attempted to contact authors, but were unable to obtain further information. Results quoted appear to be average of 2‐ and 4‐week results, not end results after 4 weeks. |
| Reynolds 2000 | Intervention < 12 weeks |
| Rigaud 1990 | Not whole grain |
| Ross 2012 | Outcomes not relevant ‐ reports plasma alkylresorcinols |
| Roth 1985 | Not RCT |
| Russ 1985 | High fibre versus low fibre; not specifically whole grain |
| Rytter 1996 | Not specifically whole grain Not RCT |
| Saltzman 2001a | Not all participants free‐living |
| Saltzman 2001b | 6‐week intervention |
| Schlamowitz 1987 | Not whole grain |
| Talati 2009 | Not whole grain barley: "administered in various forms, including pearled barley, barley bran flour, oil extracts in capsules, barley concentrates, barley‐containing beverages, and gelling agents" |
| Tighe 2013 | Same study as Tighe 2010, relevant results reported in Tighe 2010 (included study) |
| Turnbull 1987 | Comparison is rolled oats versus wheat, but it is not clear from the paper whether the wheat products used in the comparison were whole grain or refined grain. We contacted the authors but obtained no further details. |
| Turnbull 1989 | Comparison is rolled oats versus wheat, but it is not clear from the paper whether the wheat products used in the comparison were whole grain or refined grain. We contacted the authors but obtained no further details. |
| Turpeinen 2000 | 4‐week intervention; comparison is wholemeal rye versus low‐fibre wheat, which is not an equivalent comparison |
| Van Horn 1986 | 6‐week intervention. Intervention is oatmeal and oat bran. |
| Van Horn 1988 | Intervention < 12 weeks |
| Van Horn 1991 | Intervention < 12 weeks |
| Van Horn 2001 | Cannot isolate the effects of whole grain (intervention is oats and oat bran) |
| Vitaglione 2015 | 8‐week intervention only |
| Wang 2013 | Does not report energy intake or macronutrients |
| Willms 1987 | Participants not free‐living Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Wolever 2003 | Not specifically whole grain |
| Wolever 2016 | Oat β‐glucan rather than WG, 4‐week intervention only |
| Wolffenbuttel 1992 | Intervention not specifically whole grain |
| Wursch 1991 | Not specifically whole grain Intervention < 4 weeks |
| Zhang 2012 | Intervention < 12 weeks (6 weeks) |
BP: blood pressure CCT: controlled clinical trial CHD: coronary heart disease CVD: cardiovascular disease RCT: randomised controlled trial WG: whole grain