Table 1.
Summary of the included studies.
| Author | Year | Setting | Patients | Timeline | Comparison Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hackner | 2000 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles (A university-affiliated, community medical center) |
Patients from the emergency department and from private offices or from the hospital clinic population who were admitted directly to the hospital wards | 12 months | Variety of private practitioners |
| Auerbach | 2002 | Mount Zion Hospital, a 280-bed community-based teaching hospital affiliated with University of California, San Francisco |
Patients 18 years of age or older | 24 months | Community-based physicians |
| Aplin | 2014 | Urban, academic, 600-bed teaching hospital in Camden, New Jersey |
Patients discharged from medical– surgical units. |
24 months | Medical-surgical |
| Burke | 2013 | Denver VA Medical Center | General inpatients | 7 years | Urgent care physician |
| Chadaga | 2012 | Academic hospital in Denver, Colorado | General inpatients | NA | Hospitalists |
| Chavey | 2014 | US teaching hospitals | Adult non-pregnancy-related inpatients | 9 years | Family physician |
| Chin | 2014 | Academic medical center | Internal medicine patients | 4 years | Academic preceptors |
| Ding | 2014 | General internal medicine department of an Acute-care hospital in Singapore |
Seniors aged 80 years and older with specific Focus on 2 subgroups with premorbid functional impairment and acute geriatric syndromes |
3 years | Other internists |
| Douglas | 2012 | Tertiary care academic medical center. | Neurologic inpatients | 48 months | Neuro-hospitalist |
| Shu | 2011 | National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH), a Tertiary-care referral center in northern Taiwan |
General inpatients | 2 months | Internist |
| Duplantier | 2016 | Single teaching institution | Joint Arthroplasty Patients | 4 years | Non-hospitalist |
| Desai | 2014 | University of Chicago Medical Center |
Chronic Liver Disease | 6 years | Conventional |
| Everett [1] | 2011 | Large, urban, Not-for-profit community teaching hospital in Florida. |
Cardiovascular diseases | 5 years | Cardiologist |
| Everett [2] | 2011 | Large, urban, Not-for-profit community teaching hospital in Florida. |
Cardiovascular diseases | 5 years | Internist |
| Fulton | 2011 | NA | General inpatients | NA | Non-hospitalist |
| Goldie | 2012 | Tertiary care hospital | Coronary artery bypass/valvular surgery | 9 months | ACNPs |
| Gonzalo | 2015 | Penn State Hershey Medical Center, central Pennsylvania. |
Internal medicine patients | 3 years | Pre-hospitalist |
| Lee | 2011 | Singapore General Hospital. | General inpatients. | 1 year | Specialists-based model |
| Hollier | 2015 | Tertiary Pediatric inpatient hospital in San Francisco, California. |
RSWS (Asthma, cellulitis inpatients) HMS/RSWS (IBD, DKA patients) |
2 years | RSWS |
| Howrey | 2011 | 5% Medicare sample USA | Stroke | 4 years | Non-hospitalist care |
| Huddleston | 2004 | Academic medical center. | Orthopedic | NA | Standard orthopedic |
| Iannuzzi | 2015 | Health institution. | Internal medicine inpatients. | 3 years | Midlevel practitioner |
| Iberti | 2016 | Urban tertiary care hospital in New York City. |
Vascular surgery | 2 years | Hospitalists |
| Kociol | 2013 | Data from the Get With the Guidelines-Heart Failure registry | Heart failure inpatients. | 3 years | Low hospitalist use |
| Koo | 2015 | a tertiary cancer center in New York | Oncology unit patients | 5 months | Oncologist–led |
| Kuo | 2011 | Hospital care of Medicare patients | General inpatients | 5 years | PCP |
| Okere | 2016 | Two medical units of a community Teaching hospital. |
General inpatients | 14 months | Post-PHC model |
| Singh | 2011 | Urban Academic medical center in the Midwestern USA |
General inpatients | 12 months | Traditional Resident-Based Model |
| Tadros | 2015 | Urban tertiary care hospital and medical school, Metropolitan New York |
High-risk surgical Patients. |
12 months | Vascular surgeons |
| Tadros | 2016 | Urban tertiary care hospital and medical school, Metropolitan New York |
High-risk surgical patients. |
10 months | Vascular surgeons |
| Wise | 2011 | Urban academic community hospital affiliated with a major regional academic university. |
Medical ICU patients | 12 months | Intensivist-led team. |
| Diamond | 1998 | CTH, Northeast US | General inpatients | 12 months | PCP |
| Craig | 1999 | Kaiser Permanente, CA | General inpatients | 36 months | Internist |
| Davis | 2000 | Tertiary care center, Rural health care system, MI |
General inpatients | 12 months | Internist |
| Rifkin | 2002 | Tertiary care center, NY | CAP | 12 months | PCP |
| Tingle | 2001 | CTH, TX | General inpatients | 15 months | FMT |
| Meltzer | 2002 | Academic center, Chicago | General inpatients | 24 months | NH |
| Scheurer | 2005 | All SC hospitals | Pneumonia | 12 months | NH |
| Phy | 2005 | Academic medical center, MN | Hip fracture | 24 months | NH |
| Rifkin | 2007 | CTH | Pneumonia | 5 months | NH |
| Southern | 2007 | Teaching hospital, NY | General inpatients | 24 months | NH |
| Lindenauer | 2007 | 45 Hospitals across US | General inpatients | 33 months | NH |
| Carek | 2008 | CTH | General inpatients | 12 months | 1. Private 2. FMT |
| Vasilevskis | 2008 | 6 Academic medical centers | CHF | 24 months | NH teaching |
| Roy | 2008 | CTH, FL | General inpatients | 12 months | NH teaching |
| Dynan | 2009 | Academic medical center, OH | General inpatients | 12 months | NH teaching |
| Go | 2010 | 6 Academic medical centers GI bleed |
NA | 24 months | NH |
Note: CAP: community-acquired pneumonia; CHF: congestive heart failure; CTH: Community Teaching Hospital; FMT: family medicine teaching; GI: gastrointestinal; LOS: length of stay; NH: non-hospitalist; PCP: primary care physician; RSWS: resident shift work schedule; HMS: hospitalist-led model system; ACNPs: Acute Care Nurse Practitioners.