Table 4. Covariate-Adjusted RR of Any, Moderate, or Severe Complication in 12 Months Among 287 Participants.

Variables	Complications, Adjusted RR (95% CI)a
	Any	Moderateb	Severec
Treatment group, ITT
Volar locking plate system	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
External fixation	1.41 (0.92-2.16)	2.52 (1.25-5.09)d	2.96 (0.92-9.46)
Pinning	1.23 (0.81-1.97)	1.56 (0.73-3.32)	2.46 (0.70-8.67)
Casting/observational	1.88 (1.22-2.88)e	1.07 (0.49-2.34)	2.47 (0.73-8.44)
Assessment time, wk	0.98 (0.97-0.99)e	0.98 (0.96-0.99)d	0.96 (0.94-0.98)e
Age, y
60-70	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
71-80 vs 60-70	0.91 (0.64-1.29)	1.18 (0.65-2.15)	0.48 (0.18-1.23)
81-90 vs 60-70	1.25 (0.82-1.90)	1.68 (0.84-3.35)	0.69 (0.24-2.02)
≥90 vs 60-70	1.60 (0.79-3.21)	1.69 (0.49-5.83)	1.95 (0.39-9.73)
Male	1.20 (0.80-1.81)	1.29 (0.65-2.52)	1.30 (0.45-3.74)
Black vs white/otherf	1.47 (0.83-2.59)	0.77 (0.28-2.22)	2.84 (0.84-9.59)
Asian vs white/otherf	0.50 (0.28-0.89)d	1.08 (0.43-2.70)	0.45 (0.09-2.11)
Current smoker vs nonsmoker	1.24 (0.75-2.06)	1.07 (0.42-2.67)	2.02 (0.68-5.88)
Active vs sedentary	1.43 (0.87-2.34)	1.27 (0.52-3.11)	0.64 (0.22-1.88)

Abbreviations: ITT, intention to treat; RR, rate ratio.

^aRate ratio estimates and their corresponding 95% CIs were obtained by exponentiating parameter estimates and their corresponding 95% upper and lower confidence limits from fitting negative binomial models separately with counts of any complications, moderate complications, and severe complications.

^bModerate complications resolve with occupational therapy, steroid injections, or splinting.

^cSevere complications necessitate surgical intervention.

^dP < .05.

^eP < .01.

^fRace comparison for any complications was significant overall (P = .02; χ² = 7.58), and post hoc comparison showed that risk was significantly lower for Asian individuals compared with black individuals (RR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15-0.75; P = .01).