. 2019 Jan 25;2(1):e187374. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.7374

Table 3. Associations Between HPP and CM and Number of Antisocial Symptoms, Stratified by Sex.

Population	No HPP, No CM	Adjusted β (95% CI)^a^,^b			Differences Across Mutually Exclusive Groups^c
Population	No HPP, No CM	HPP Only	CM Only	HPP and CM	Differences Across Mutually Exclusive Groups^c
Men	1 [Reference]	0.69 (0.50-0.88)	0.71 (0.63-0.79)	1.76 (1.64-1.88)	HPP only = CM only
					HPP only <HPP and CM
					CM only <HPP and CM
Women	1 [Reference]	0.54 (0.35-0.74)	0.59 (0.53-0.66)	1.21 (1.12-1.30)	HPP only = CM only
					HPP only <HPP and CM
					CM only <HPP and CM
Total sample	1 [Reference]	0.62 (0.50-0.75)	0.65 (0.60-0.69)	1.46 (1.38-1.54)	HPP only = CM only
					HPP only <HPP and CM
					CM only <HPP and CM

Abbreviations: CM, child maltreatment; HPP, harsh physical punishment.

^{^a}

Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, marital status, total household income, and educational level.

^{^b}

P < .001.

^{^c}

Determined by changing the reference group and rerunning the models. The equal symbol indicates nonsignificant differences between the 2 groups.