Table. Characteristics of the Study Participants.
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Demographic Variables | |
| No. of participants | 327 |
| Female, No. (%) | 255 (78.0) |
| Age, mean (95% CI), y | 45 (43-46) |
| Ethnicity, No. (%) | |
| Non-Hispanic/non-Latino | 261 (79.8) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 8 (2.4) |
| Unknown | 58 (17.7) |
| Race, No. (%) | |
| White | 259 (79.2) |
| Asian | 12 (3.7) |
| Black or African American | 5 (1.5) |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 1 (0.3) |
| Other | 4 (1.2) |
| Undisclosed | 46 (14.1) |
| Physical Variables | |
| BMI, mean (95% CI)a | 27.32 (26.69-27.95) |
| <25, No. (%) | 137 (39.8) |
| ≥25, No. (%) | 190 (58.1) |
| ≥30, No. (%) | 88 (26.9) |
| Waist to hip ratio, mean (95% CI) | |
| Overallb | 0.84 (0.83-0.85) |
| Male | 0.93 (0.92-0.95) |
| Female | 0.81 (0.80-0.82) |
| Clinical Laboratory Variables | |
| Glycated hemoglobin, mean (95% CI), %c | 5.2 (5.2-5.2) |
| Glycated hemoglobin ≥5.7%, No. (%) | 29 (8.9) |
| Cholesterol, mean (95% CI), mg/dL | |
| Totald | 202.3 (198.2-106.3) |
| High-density lipoproteine | 63.3 (61.2-65.4) |
| Thyrotropin level, mean (95% CI), mIU/Lf | 2.4 (2.3-2.6) |
| Nutrient Content of Foods Consumed, % | |
| Beef, poultry, and pork | 12.5 |
| Dairy products | 10.7 |
| Breads | 9.1 |
| Sweets | 8.1 |
| Vegetables | 7.9 |
| Cakes and cookies | 4.9 |
| Fruit | 4.5 |
| Nuts | 4.3 |
| Pizza, pies, and other pastries | 4.0 |
| Alcoholic drinks | 3.0 |
| Other | 31.0 |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).
SI conversion factors: To convert glycated hemoglobin level to a proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; to convert cholesterol level to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259.
For BMI, less than 18.5 is underweight, 18.5 to 24.9 is normal, 25.0 to 29.9 is overweight, and 30.0 or greater is obese.27
For waist to hip ratio, 0.90 or greater in men and 0.85 or greater in women indicate substantially increased risk of a metabolic condition.28
For glycated hemoglobin, less than 5.7% is healthy, 5.7% to 6.4% is prediabetic, and 6.5% or greater is diabetic.29
For total cholesterol, less than 200 mg/dL is desirable, 200 to 239 mg/dL is borderline high, and 240 mg/dL or greater is high.30
For high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 60 mg/dL or greater is desirable.31
For thyrotropin, less than 0.1 mIU/L indicates hyperthyroidism and greater than 10.0 mIU/L indicates hypothyroidism.31