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. 2019 Apr 20;393(10181):1628–1640. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30235-1

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© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Long-term effect of democracy on country disease burden

The estimated direct and indirect long-term effects of democracy on health from a structural equation model. The blue bars show the direct effect of democratic change on changes in health. The green, red, and yellow bars show the indirect effects of democratic change on changes in health due to resulting changes in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, urbanicity, and government health expenditure as source. All changes are from 1995 to 2015. Results that were not statistically significant are shown in grey. HIV/AIDS and forces were omitted because of distortion of the x-axis of the graph, such that the other causes were not visible; all results are available in the appendix. NCDs=non-communicable diseases. LRIs=lower respiratory and other common infectious diseases. CDs=communicable diseases. NTDs=neglected tropical diseases. *Includes self-harm and interpersonal violence. †Includes substance use disorders. ‡Includes diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases.