Table 2.
Summary of novel imaging modalities for upper urinary tract malignancy
| Imaging modality | Index test | Ref. test | No. of patients | Patient’s histology | Imaging modality technical details | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | Cost | Utility | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ind | Ref | Ind | Ref | Ind | Ref | Ind | Ref | ||||||||
| OCT | |||||||||||||||
| Bus et al. (2013) [46] | OCT | – | 8 | UTUC—8 Tis-Ta—4 T1-3-4 |
C7-XR OCT system, 1300 nm longitudinal 54 mm and 360-degree trajectory taking 5.4 s | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Comm. available |
| Bus et al. (2016) [47] | OCT | – | 26 | UTUC—24 Tis-Ta—14 T1-T4-12 |
C7-XR OCT system, 1300 nm longitudinal 54 mm and 360-degree trajectory taking 5.4 s | 91.7 | – | 78.6 | – | 92 | – | 100 | – | × | Comm. available |
| CLE | |||||||||||||||
| Breda et al. (2017) [50] | CLE | – | 14 | UTUC—12 Low grade—6 High grade—5 Tis—1 Unknown—2 |
Celvizio system, no further technical details provided | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Comm. available |
| Bui et al. (2015) [48] | CLE | – | 14 | UTUC—7 Low grade—4 High grade—3 Ben—7 |
0.85 mm probe, resolution 3.5 µm, field of view 320 µm, depth 50 µm | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Prototype system |
| Villa et al. (2016) [49] | CLE | – | 11 | UTUC—10 Low Grade—7 High Grade—3 Ben—1 |
Cellvizio system, 488 nm laser resolution 3.5 µm, depth 40–70 µm | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Comm. available |
| PDD | |||||||||||||||
| Aboumarzouk et al. (2012) [52] | PDD | WLU | 32 | UTUC—25 Tis-Ta—23 T1-2 Ben—7 |
Xenon blue light 380–440 nm, oral 5-ALA pre-operatively | 96 | 80 | 100 | 86 | 100 | 95 | 88 | 55 | × | Comm. available |
| Aboumarzouk et al. (2013) [53] | PDD | WLU | 30 | UTUC—17 Tis-Ta—16 T2-1 Ben—13 |
Xenon blue light 380–440 nm, oral 5-ALA pre-operatively | 94 | 82.4 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 93 | 81 | × | Comm. available |
| Ahmad et al. (2012) [54] | PDD | - | 26 | Not specified | Xenon blue light 380–440 nm, oral 5-ALA pre-operatively | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | × | Comm. available |
| Kata et al. (2016) [55] | PDD | WLU | 54 | Not specified | Xenon blue light 380–440 nm, oral 5-ALA pre-operatively | 95.8 | 53.5 | 96.6 | 95.2 | 95.8 | 88.5 | 96.6 | 75 | ✓ | Comm. available |
| Somani et al. (2010) [56] | PDD | - | 4 | UTUC (Ta)—4 | Xenon blue light 380–440 nm, oral 5-ALA pre-operatively | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | × | Comm. available |
| NBI | |||||||||||||||
| Chan et al. (2014) [57] | NBI | WLU | 7 | UTUC—7 Ta—2 T1-3-5 |
Olympus NBI system, 415 nm blue light and 540 nm green light | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | × | Comm. available |
| Traxer et al. (2011) [58] | NBI | WLU | 27 | UTUC (Ta)—20 Ben—1 Invalid Biopsy—6 |
Olympus NBI system, 415 nm blue light and 540 nm green light | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | × | Comm. available |
Index—Ben benign, CLE confocal laser endomicroscopy, OCT optical coherence tomography, NBI narrow band imaging, PDD photodynamic diagnosis, UTUC upper tract urothelial carcinoma, WLU white light ureteroscopy, 5-ALA 5-aminolevulinic acid