Figure 1.

TLR signaling and downstream molecules. Upon TLRs are activated by their ligands, they transmit the signal using adaptor proteins, including MyD88 and/or TRIF. MyD88-depend pathway induces inflammation through NF-κB. On the other hand, TRIF pathway induced genes of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3. TLR, toll-like receptor; MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; TRIF, toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β; IRF3, interferon regulatory factor-3; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB.