Table 1 .
Baseline Characteristics of Included NHANES Participants
| Characteristica | Non-aTRH | aTRH | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Non-aTRH | Non-aTRH Subgroups | Any aTRH | aTRH Subgroups | |||
| < 3 medications | 3 medications | Controlled | Uncontrolled | |||
| Definition: BP mm Hg and number of antihypertensives | < 140/90 AND ≤3 |
< 140/90 AND < 3 |
< 140/90 AND 3 |
> 140/90 OR ≥3 |
< 140/90 AND ≥4 |
≥140/90 AND ≥3 |
| Unweighted Population (N) | 4835 | 3837 | 998 | 1522 | 432 | 1090 |
| US Weighted Population (N in Millions)b | 29.04 | 23.49 | 5.55 | 7.6 | 2.27 | 5.33 |
| Age (years), mean (SE) | 59.4 (0.3) | 58.3 (0.3) | 64 (0.3) | 65.9 (0.5) | 65.1 (0.6) | 66.2 (0.8) |
| Age Categories | ||||||
| Age < 45 years | 510 (14.1) | 457 (15.5) | 53 (8) | 69 (5.9) | 14 (4.6) | 55 (6.5) |
| Age 45–65 years | 2055 (48.8) | 1709 (51) | 346 (39.3) | 456 (35.5) | 138 (38.7) | 318 (34.2) |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 2270 (37.1) | 1671 (33.4) | 599 (52.8) | 997 (58.5) | 280 (56.7) | 717 (59.3) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 2607 (55.1) | 2094 (55.3) | 513 (54.2) | 819 (57.4) | 209 (52.5) | 610 (59.5) |
| Male | 2228 (44.9) | 1743 (44.7) | 485 (45.8) | 703 (42.6) | 223 (47.5) | 480 (40.5) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2645 (78.3) | 2073 (78.5) | 572 (77.3) | 787 (73.4) | 224 (74.4) | 563 (73) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1221 (12.3) | 959 (12) | 262 (13.8) | 491 (18.3) | 147 (18.1) | 344 (18.4) |
| Mexican American | 823 (5.4) | 685 (5.4) | 138 (5.7) | 210 (5) | 51 (4.7) | 159 (5.1) |
| Other | 146 (4) | 120 (4.2) | 26 (3.3) | 34 (3.3) | 10 (2.8) | 24 (3.5) |
| Ever or Current Smoker | 2643 (55.1) | 2077 (55.3) | 566 (53.8) | 838 (53.1) | 257 (58.4) | 581 (50.8) |
| Diabetes | 1459 (24.5) | 1090 (22.7) | 369 (32.4) | 661 (39.5) | 210 (44.1) | 451 (37.5) |
| Prior CVD | 1101 (18.9) | 750 (15.9) | 351 (31.4) | 636 (40.1) | 213 (48.5) | 423 (36.4) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SE) | 30.8 (0.1) | 30.6 (0.1) | 31.8 (0.3) | 32.1 (0.3) | 33.2 (0.5) | 31.7 (0.3) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SE) | 122.2 (0.2) | 122.3 (0.2) | 121.7 (0.4) | 144.7 (0.7) | 119.7 (0.7) | 155.4 (0.6) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SE) | 69.6 (0.3) | 70.3 (0.3) | 66.6 (0.5) | 71.1 (0.5) | 63.6 (0.9) | 74.3 (0.6) |
| # of anti-hypertensives, mean (SE) | 1.77 (0.01) | 1.48 (0.01) | 3 (0) | 3.67 (0.03) | 4.26 (0.03) | 3.41 (0.03) |
| Diuretics | 2333 (46.3) | 1512 (37.5) | 821 (83.5) | 1310 (86.8) | 404 (93.5) | 906 (83.9) |
| ACE-i or ARB | 2563 (63.4) | 1862 (59.8) | 701 (77.9) | 1115 (83.2) | 370 (89.3) | 745 (80.2) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 1348 (24.5) | 890 (20.2) | 458 (43) | 892 (56.6) | 283 (65.1) | 609 (53) |
| Beta blockers | 1555 (34.6) | 997 (29) | 558 (58.1) | 991 (66.6) | 326 (77.2) | 665 (62) |
| Other | 481 (8) | 281 (5.7) | 200 (17.5) | 624 (38.1) | 211 (45.9) | 413 (34.7) |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SE) | 5.2 (0.02) | 5.2 (0.03) | 5.1 (0.05) | 5.2 (0.05) | 4.8 (0.08) | 5.3 (0.05) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), median (IQR) | 82 (66, 96) | 84 (69, 97) | 71 (58, 87) | 68 (51, 85) | 67 (52, 86) | 68 (51, 85) |
| CRP (mg/dL), mean (SE) | 0.56 (0.02) | 0.54 (0.02) | 0.65 (0.04) | 0.68 (0.03) | 0.67 (0.05) | 0.68 (0.04) |
| ACR (mg/g), median (IQR) | 7 (5, 15) | 7 (5, 13) | 9 (5, 22) | 14 (6, 49) | 10 (6, 26) | 17 (7, 67) |
Data are presented as N (%) and mean (SE), unless otherwise indicated
Abbreviations: USRDS United States Renal Data System, SE Standard Error, CVD Cardiovascular Disease, eGFR estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, IQR Interquartile Range, CRP C-reactive Protein, ACR Albumin-Creatinine Ratio, aTRH apparent treatment resistant hypertension, ACE-i angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers, SE standard error
a Unweighted refers to the actual number (%) of the NHANES participants from the final cohort
b Weighted refers to the projected numbers in the US populations and accounts for NHANES design and sampling weights