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. 2019 Apr 26;20:82. doi: 10.1186/s13059-019-1679-2

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — Effective population size inferred using MSMC. Each line represents the average effective population size per population, and the colors represent language usage, except for the CRHG populations. Here, we assume a mutation rate per generate (v) 1.25 × 10⁻⁸ and average generation time (g) 29 years. a–d The effective population size of Khoesan-, Niger-Congo-, Nilo-Saharan-, and Afroasiatic-speaking populations