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. 2019 Apr 25;20:79. doi: 10.1186/s12931-019-1041-y

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Gene expression levels of stem cell-related markers and inflammatory markers. Total RNA from PAs was used for reverse transcription (RT), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed. The message was normalized to β-actin using the 2^-∆∆CT eq. a Silibinin did not downregulate the expression of stem cell-related and inflammatory markers in PAs after a 1-week treatment. b Silibinin significantly downregulated the expression of CXCR4, SDF-1 as well as TNFα in PAs after a 2-week treatment. c Silibinin did not downregulate the expression of stem cell-related and inflammatory markers in PAs after a 3-week treatment. d Silibinin did not downregulate the expression of stem cell-related and inflammatory markers in lung tissue after a 2-week treatment; **p < 0.01. Treatment groups consisted of eight rats each in the PAH-1w, PAH-2w, Sil-1w, and Sil-2w groups and four rats each in the PAH-3w and Sil-3w groups