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. 2019 Feb 28;9(6):1698–1713. doi: 10.7150/thno.30640

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The effects of BBR on mitochondrial fission in PA-treated podocytes were blunted and enhanced by Drp1 upregulation and downregulation respectively. (A) Upregulation and downregulation of Drp1 blunted and enhanced the effects of BBR on cellular ROS production in PA-treated podocytes respectively, assessed by flow cytometry. (B) The effects of BBR on ATP production in PA-treated podocytes was blunted and enhanced by upregulation and downregulation of Drp1 respectively. (C) The effects of BBR on mitochondrial membrane potential in PA-treated podocytes were blunted and enhanced by upregulation and downregulation of Drp1 respectively, measured by flow cytometry. (D) The effects of BBR on mitochondrial morphology after upregulation and downregulation of Drp1 was observed by TEM. Scale bars, 500 nm. (E) The effects of BBR on mitochondrial morphology after upregulation and downregulation of Drp1 was visualized by MitoTracker Red. Scale bars, 10 μm (F) Western blotting of Drp1 and pDrp1 (S616) protein expression in cytosol and mitochondria after upregulation and downregulation of Drp1. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 vs. Control; #P < 0.05 vs. PA. BBR, Berberine; PA, palmitate; Drp1, dynamin-related protein 1; ROS, reactive oxygen species; DCF, dichlorofluorescein; LV, lentivirus; si, si RNA; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; TEM, transmission electron microscope.