Navigante 2010.

Methods	Randomised parallel study
Participants	Ambulatory participants with moderate to severe dyspnoea at rest Mean age 55 years 31 participants in the morphine arm and 32 participants in the midazolam arm
Interventions	Oral morphine: 3 mg then incremental steps at 30 minutes until 50% reduction in dyspnoea Compared to oral midazolam: 2 mg up titrated 25% until 50% reduction in dyspnoea
Outcomes	Dyspnea intensity Adverse events
Notes	Compared morphine to midazolam
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Participants were randomly assigned (using a random number generator in 1:1 ratio in blocks of 6) to 1 of the 2 treatment groups. Numbered envelopes that were used to implement the randomisation were concealed until interventions were assigned.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Participants were randomly assigned (using a random number generator in 1:1 ratio in blocks of 6) to 1 of the 2 treatment groups. Numbered envelopes that were used to implement the randomisation were concealed until interventions were assigned.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	This study was single blinded, that is only participants were blinded. However, adequacy was unclear – similarity of preparation – morphine group given laxatives.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	This study was single blinded, and only participants were blinded. The investigators were aware of the treatment allocation.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	There was only 1 withdrawal in each group, which was unrelated to the intervention.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	The study authors appear to have reported all outcome data.
Other bias	Low risk	We judged that this trial appeared to be free of other sources of bias.
Size bias	High risk	There were 30 participants per treatment arm and the study was designed as a parallel trial; there were < 50 participants per treatment arm.