Table 2.
Factors Associated with OPMD
| Factors / Categories | Crude Odds Ratio | Adjusted Odds Ratio |
|---|---|---|
| Periodontal disease | ||
| No/Mild | Reference | Reference |
| Moderate/severe | 6.56 (2.65-16.29)* | 3.19 (1.11-9.12)* |
| Tobacco-chewing status | ||
| Never | Reference | Reference |
| Past | 18.74 (6.34-55.45)* | 9.22 (2.57-33.15) |
| Current | 20.21 (8.86-46.11)* | 15.49 (6.20-38.74)* |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | Reference | Reference |
| Past | 5.92 (2.14-16.37)* | 1.55 (0.56-4.28) |
| Current | 4.43 (1.57-12.52)* | 2.43 (0.68-8.74) |
| Alcohol use | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 4.70 (2.22-9.96)* | 1.71 (0.71-4.15) |
| Education level | ||
| Post-secondary | Reference | -- |
| Secondary/less | 2.36 (0.76-7.29) | |
| Monthly per-capita income | ||
| High | Reference | -- |
| Low-Middle | 0.67 (0.33-1.35) | |
| Age (years) | ||
| 35-44 | Reference | Reference |
| 45-54 | 1.70 (0.90-3.20) | 0.92 (0.38-2.22) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 4.76 (2.21-10.28)* | 0.98 (0.42-2.30) |
| Female | Reference | Reference |
| Diabetes | ||
| No | Reference | -- |
| Yes | 2.03 (0.69-5.94) | |
| Community | ||
| Fishing | Reference | -- |
| Farming | 0.93 (0.51-1.72) | |
*
, non-overlapping 95% CI of proportion indicates statistical significance; --, Not included in the model