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. 2014 Dec 11;2014(12):CD009281. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub3

Forbes 1991.

Methods Multicentre, randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study, with a single oral dose administered at the onset of moderate or severe pain
Duration: 8 h, with assessments at baseline, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 h post dose
Participants Dental surgery: third molar removal
Patients were at least 15 years of age
N = 362 (298 for efficacy)
M 121, F 177
Mean age 22 years
Interventions Ibuprofen 100 mg + caffeine 100 mg, n = 49 for efficacy
Ibuprofen 100 mg, n = 49 for efficacy
Ibuprofen 200 mg + caffeine 100 mg, n = 44 for efficacy
Ibuprofen 200 mg, n = 48 for efficacy
Ibuprofen 50 mg, n = 57 for efficacy
Placebo, n = 51 for efficacy
Caffeine‐containing foods and beverages were prohibited for 4 h before taking study medication and for the following 8‐h study period
Outcomes PI: standard 4‐point scale
PR: standard 5‐point scale
PGE: standard 5‐point scale
Withdrawals and dropouts
Serious adverse events
Notes Oxford Quality Score: R1, DB2, W1. Total = 4/5
Risk of bias
Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias) Low risk Gives reference to methods in earlier reports that are low risk
Allocation concealment (selection bias) Unclear risk Method not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk "identically appearing capsules"
Size High risk < 50 participants in relevant treatment groups