Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
| Review | Reason for exclusion |
| Challapalli 2005 | Trials either included cancer pain, did not use opioids, or were not at least 2 weeks in duration. |
| Duehmke 2006 | Did not exclude cancer pain |
| Gaskell 2014 | Review update published as Gaskell 2016. |
| Moore 2015a | No opioids studied. |
| Mujakperuo 2010 | No opioids studied. |
| Ramiro 2011 | Trials with opioids were less than 2 weeks in duration. |
| Rubinstein 2012 | No opioids studied. |
| Seidel 2013 | Trials with opioids were for acute pain. |
