Comparison 3. Incidence of mild to moderate adverse events: perineural dexamethasone versus placebo.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Overall incidence of block‐related adverse events	10	677	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.17 [0.99, 1.39]
2 Numbness/tingling 14 days after surgery	5	323	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.76 [0.80, 3.89]
3 Residual motor block/weakness 24 hours after surgery	3	259	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	4.69 [0.57, 38.68]
4 Horner Syndrome	4	321	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.73, 1.36]
5 Hoarseness	4	353	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.23 [0.65, 2.34]
6 Diaphragmatic paresis	2	172	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.46 [0.66, 3.23]
7 Dyspnoea	4	274	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.34 [0.01, 8.14]
8 Vascular injury	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.0 [0.19, 21.36]
9 Cranial nerve 12 palsy	1	83	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.01, 7.77]
10 Bruising	1	37	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.06 [0.07, 15.64]
11 Overall non‐block‐related adverse events	10	625	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.35, 1.68]
12 Postoperative nausea and vomiting	10	585	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.55 [0.26, 1.14]
13 Deep sedation	1	60	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	7.0 [0.38, 129.93]
14 Dermatological symptoms (pruritus/rash)	1	83	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.93 [0.32, 27.02]
15 Syncope/fainting	1	83	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.95 [0.18, 20.71]
16 Bradycardia	1	60	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.12, 3.71]
17 Hypotension	2	140	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.21, 2.13]
18 Headache/10‐pound fluid gain/diarrhoea/frequent urination/muscle soreness	1	83	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.93 [0.12, 69.92]