2. Primary outcome measures.
| Outcome measure | Domains with score | Studies referring to this outcome | Time point analysis |
| Ashworth Scale (0‐4, lower score = better; Pandyan 1999) | 0: no increase in muscle tone. 1: slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or by minimum resistance through remainder of range of motion 2: more marked increase in muscle tone through most of the range of motion; limb easily moved. 3: considerable increase in muscle tone; passive movement is difficult. 4: rigid limb. |
Meythaler 1996; | Baseline, and 1, 2, 4, 6 hours |
| Pittaccio 2013 | Baseline, and 4, 8 weeks | ||
| Modified Ashworth Scale (0‐5, lower score = better; Pandyan 1999) | 0: no increase in muscle tone. 1: slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or is moved in flexion, extension/abduction, adduction, etc. 1+: slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch, followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder (less than half) of the range of motion. 2: More marked increase in muscle tone through most of the range of motion, but the affected part is easily moved. 3: considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement is difficult. 4: affected part is rigid flexion or extension/abduction or adduction. |
Verplancke 2005 | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Gracies 2015 | Baseline, 4 weeks | ||
| Tardieu Scale (TS; 2 measurements: Quality of Muscle Reaction 0‐4, lower score better, and Angle of muscle reaction, R2 ‐ R1; Haugh 2006) |
Quality of muscle reaction 0: no resistance throughout the course of the passive movement. 1: slight resistance throughout the course of the passive movement, with no clear catch at precise angle. 2: clear catch at precise angle, interrupting the passive movement, followed by release. 3: fatigable clonus (< 10 seconds when maintaining pressure) occurring at precise angle. 4: infatigable clonus (> 10 seconds when maintaining pressure) occurring at precise angle. Angle of muscle reaction (also referred to as R2 ‐ R1) Measured relative to the position of minimal stretch of the muscle (corresponding to angle) where it is relative to the resting anatomic position. R2: first measure (the maximum passive range of movement of the muscle group). R1: second measure (the angle at which the initial 'catch' or muscle resistance is felt when the muscle is moved from its shortest to longest position using a 'rapid velocity stretch'). |
Gracies 2015 | Baseline, 4 weeks |
| Leung 2014 | Baseline, and 6 and 10 weeks |