3. Secondary outcome measures.
| Outcome measure | Domains with score | Studies referring to this outcome | ICF classification |
| Glasgow Coma Scale (Teasdale 1974) (3‐15, higher score = better) |
Eye opening (E) 4: spontaneous 3: to voice 2: to pain 1: none Verbal response (V) 5: normal conversation 4: disoriented conversation 3: words, but not coherent 2: no words, only sounds 1: none Motor response (M) 6: normal 5: localised to pain 4: withdraws to pain 3: decorticate posture (an abnormal posture that can include rigidity, clenched fists, legs held straight out, and arms bent inward towards the body with the wrists and fingers bend and held on the chest) 2: decerebrate (an abnormal posture that can include rigidity, arms and legs held straight out, toes pointed downward, head and neck arched backwards) 1: none The final GCS score or grade is the sum of these numbers. Severe: GCS 3‐8 (minimum possible score is 3) Moderate: GCS 9‐12 Mild: GCS 13‐15 |
Verplancke 2005 | b. Body functions b1‐b8 |
| Glasgow Outcome Scale (Jennett 1975) (1‐5, higher score = better) |
To generalise and categorise the outcomes of people with TBI. 1: dead 2: vegetative state (meaning the person is unresponsive, but alive; a "vegetable" in lay language) 3: severely disabled (conscious but the person requires others for daily support due to disability) 4: moderately disabled (the person is independent but disabled) 5: good recovery (the person has resumed most normal activities but may have minor residual problems) |
Verplancke 2005 | Body function b1‐b8 |
| Range of movement | The joint is taken through the total arc of movement from flexion to extension | Verplancke 2005 (ankle) | Body function b7 |
| Deep tendon reflexes | 0: reflexes absent 1: hyporeflexia 2: normal 3: mild hyperreflexia 4: 3 or 4 beats clonus only 5: clonus |
Meythaler 1996 | Body function b750 |
| Disability Assessment Scale (DAS; Brashear 2002; 0‐3, lower score better) | People are interviewed to determine the extent of functional impairment in: hygiene, dressing, limb position and pain, according to the following scale: 0: no disability 1: mild disability (noticeable but does not interfere significantly with normal activities) 2: moderate disability (normal activities require increased effort or assistance, or both) 3: severe disability (normal activities limited) |
Gracies 2015 | Activities and participation |
ICF: International Classification of Functioning.