Pharmacological intervention	Mode of action	Non‐pharmacological intervention	Mode of action
Baclofen	Administered orally or via intrathecal pump to limit the release of excitatory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord.	Casting	Applied directly to the limb to maintain the muscle in an extended position.
Botulinum toxin A	A neurotoxin injected directly into the muscle to block the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.	Splinting	Thermoplastic or fabric material that is customised to provide support to a person's limb and maintain the limb in the corrected position.
Clonidine	Administered orally or by transdermal patch to act on the central nervous system by reducing the excitability of alpha motor neurons.	Seating	Custom made seating for people to provide maximal support and reduce the impact of spasticity.
Dantrolene sodium	Administered orally to reduce the excitation‐contraction coupling within the skeletal muscle and decrease the strength of muscle contraction.	Stretching	Promotes elongation of a muscle for varying lengths of time causing viscous deformation changes.
Phenol	Injected into specific nerves to induce neurolysis to permanently block nerve transmission.	Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation	Portable electric stimulator placed on the skin over a spastic muscle to reduce pain.
Tizanidine	Administered orally to act on the central nervous system and reduce the excitability of alpha motor neurons.	Surgery	Surgical techniques primarily aim to alter the structure of a muscle or nerve or relocate a tendon to change its function.