Koyuncu 1995.

Methods	Randomised, double‐blind clinical trial Blinded subjects and assessors No control group Quality score: C Selection bias ‐ in part Performance bias ‐ in part Attrition bias ‐ no Detection bias ‐ yes BIAS RATING = HIGH Quality of diagnostic criteria = A
Participants	Total n = 16 (21 wrists) randomised Group 1 n = 10 wrists Group 2 n = 11 wrists 1 male; 15 females Median ± sd age: 49.4 ± 2.7 yrs Inclusion criteria: 1. Clinical diagnosis of CTS based on physical findings and confirmed with electrodiagnostic testing (detail not specified) Exclusion criteria: None stated
Interventions	Group 1: Circular ultrasound therapy over volar wrist surface using 1.0 W/cm2 intensity and 1MHz frequency, 8 minute session, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks (total of 20 sessions) Group 2: Circular ultrasound therapy over volar wrist surface using 1.0 W/cm2 intensity and 3MHz frequency, 8 minute session, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks (total of 20 sessions)
Outcomes	Outcome assessed weekly and at end of treatment (4 weeks) 1. Pain using ordinal scale 0‐3 (0=no pain, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe) 2. Paraesthesiae using ordinal scale 0‐3 (0=none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe) 3. Superficial touch sensation using dichotomous scale (0=normal, 1=decreased) 4. Large object grasping using dichotomous scale (0=normal, 1=decreased) 5. Small object grasping using dichotomous scale (0=normal, 1=decreased) 6. Motor nerve distal transmission delay* 7. Sensory nerve transmission delay* 8. Tinel's sign 9. Phalen's sign
Notes	Attempts to clarify allocation method with authors were unsuccessful *Note. Only median values for neurophysiological endpoints were published by authors. Attempts to obtain mean and standard deviation data were unsuccessful
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear