Coyle 1988.

Methods	Allocation: stratified random assignment. Blindness: therapists not aware of specific study hypothesis. Duration: approximately 6 months. Design: parallel. Setting: outpatient. Country: USA.
Participants	Diagnosis: schizophrenia. N = 94. Age: mean˜47 years, range 21‐72 years. Sex: 40M, 38F (data not reported for 16 participants). History: long duration of illness. Exclusions: a diagnosis of drug and/or alcohol abuse.
Interventions	1. Individual supportive therapeutic method: dose 10 fortnightly 90‐minute sessions. N = 24. 2. Social skills training method. N = 23. 3. Psychoeducational method. N = 23. 4. Psychotropic medication alone. N = 24.
Outcomes	Death. Service outcomes: hospitalisation. Leaving the study early. Unable to use ‐ General functioning: KAS (no SD reported).
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Stratified random assignment according to age, sex and race. No further details reported.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No information reported.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No information reported.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No information reported.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	"Out of the 94 subjects entering the study, 14 did not complete the treatment program. In the individual therapy method, one subject died of medical causes, one subject was hospitalised and one subject did not complete the data; in the social skills training method, three subjects dropped out and one was hospitalised; in the psychoeducational method, four subjects dropped out and two were hospitalised; in the medication only group, one subject dropped out, one was hospitalised and one subject did not complete the data. In addition, there were two subjects who completed the program but a full data package could not be collected on them."
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Reports results incompletely, no SD reported for KAS scale.
Other bias	Unclear risk	Not enough information provided to make a judgement.