1. Antioxidant supplements tested in the included trials.
| Study ID | Antioxidant (type: Ex; Vit; Whole)* | Dose** | Form taken | Regimen | Started: before exercise | Duration |
| Arent 2010 | Ex: black tea extract; theaflavin | 700 mg/day | Capsule | 4 capsules daily | 9 days | 11 days |
| Avery 2003 | Vit: vitamin E | 992 mg (1200 IU)/day | Capsule | Not known (daily) | 21 days | 31 days |
| Bailey 2011 | Ex: mixed supplement: vitamins C, E, B6, B9, B12 and zinc | 400 mg vitamin C 268 mg vitamin E etc | Capsule | 1 capsule daily | 42 days | 6 weeks |
| Beaton 2002a | Vit: vitamin E | 1200 IU | Capsule | ? | 30 days | 30 days |
| Bell 2015 | Whole: tart cherry | 9.2 mg/mL anthocyanins | Drink | 30 mL twice daily | 3 days | 8 days |
| Bell 2016 | Whole: tart cherry | 73.5 mg/L total anthocyanin content | Drink | 30 mL twice daily | 4 days | 7 days |
| Bloomer 2004 | Vit: vitamin C, E and selenium | 268 mg vitamin E 1 g vitamin C 90 µg selenium |
Capsule | 3 capsules daily | 14 days | 18 days |
| Bloomer 2005 | Ex: astaxanthin | 4 mg astaxanthin 480 mg lutein |
Capsule | 2 capsules daily | 21 days | 25 days |
| Bloomer 2007 | Vit: vitamin C and E | 1000 mg of vitamin C 378 mg vitamin E |
Capsule | 2 capsules daily | 14 days | 14 days |
| Bryer 2006 | Vit: vitamin C | 3 g/day vitamin C | Capsule | 3 capsules daily | 14 days | 18 days |
| Close 2006 | Vit: vitamin C | 1 g/day vitamin C | ? | ? | 0 days (day of exercise) | 14 days |
| Cobley 2011 | Ex: N‐acetyl‐cysteine | 50 mg/kg/day | Powder dissolved in water | 50 mg/kg/day once daily dissolved in 500 mL water | 1 hour | 6 days |
| Connolly 2006 | Vit: vitamin C | 1 g/day vitamin C | Capsule | 3 capsules daily | 3 days | 8 days |
| Connolly 2006a | Whole: cherry | 600 mg phenolic compounds 40 mg anthocyanins |
Drink | 2 x 12 oz bottle daily | 4 days | 8 days |
| Drobnic 2014 | Ex: curcumin | 400 mg/day curcumin | Capsule | 2 capsules daily | 2 days | 5 days |
| Goldfarb 2011 | Ex: Juice Plus powder | 7.5 mg beta‐carotene 276 mg vitamin C 108 IU of vitamin E |
Capsule | 6 capsules daily | 4 days | 8 days |
| He 2015 | Vit: vitamin C and vitamin E | 100 mg of vitamin C 268 mg (400 IU) of vitamin E |
Capsule | ? | 14 days | 17 days |
| Herrlinger 2015 | Ex: black and green tea | High‐dose = 2000 mg per
day polyphenolic blend Low‐dose = 1000 mg per day polyphenolic blend |
Capsule | 4 capsules daily | 91 days | 91 days |
| Howatson 2009 | Whole: cherry | 600 mg phenolic compounds expressed as gallic acid equivalents, 32 g of carbohydrate and at least 40 mg of anthocyanins | Drink | 2 x 8 fl oz bottles per day | 5 days | 7 days |
| Hutchinson 2016 | Whole: blackcurrant nectar | 193.25 mg/day of malvidin glucosides 175.69 mg/day of cyanidin glucosides |
Drink | 16 oz bottle per day | 8 days | 8 days |
| Kaminski 1992 | Vit: vitamin C | 1 g/day vitamin C | Capsule | 3 capsules daily | 3 days | 10 days |
| Kerksick 2009 | Ex: N‐acetyl‐cysteine and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) | 1800 mg/day N‐acetyl‐cysteine (NAC) 1800 mg/day epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) |
Drink | ? | 14 days | 14 days |
| Krotkiewski 1994 | Ex: pollen extract | 30,000 units per gram of Polbax | ? | ? | 28 days | 28 days |
| Kuehl 2010 | Whole: cherry | 600 mg phenolic compounds 40 mg anthocyanins |
Drink | 2 x 335 mL bottles daily | 7 days | 15 days |
| Laupheimer 2014 | Ex: resveratrol | 600 mg/day of resveratrol | Capsules | 6 capsules daily | 7 days | 9 days |
| Lynn 2015 | Whole: bilberry juice | Total phenol content per 200 mL serving was 744.14 ± 81.75 mg (n = 3) and 80.04 ± 3.51 mg (n = 3) of total anthocyanins | Drink | 2 x 200 mL daily | 5 days | 8 days |
| McBride 1997 | Vit: vitamin E | 992 mg/day of vitamin E (1200 IU) | Capsules | 1 capsule daily | 14 days | 14 days |
| McCormick 2016 | Whole: cherry | 9.117 mg/mL anthocyanins | Drink | 90 mL daily (2 x 30 mL) | 6 days | 6 days |
| McFarlin 2016 | Ex: curcumin | 400 mg/day curcumin | Capsules | Capsules | 2 days | 6 days |
| McLeay 2012 | Whole: blueberry smoothie | Per 100 mL: total phenolics 168 mg/gallic acid equ.; anthocyanins 96.6 mg; phenolic acid 26 mg, flavonoids 10.2 mg; vitamin C 45 mg; vitamin E 3 mg | Drink | 200 g blueberries, 50 g banana + 200 mL apple juice daily | 0 days (day of exercise) | 4 days |
| Meamarbashi 2011 | Ex: purslane extract | 1200 mg/day purslane extract | Capsules | 2 capsules daily | 3 days | 5 days |
| Michailidis 2013 | Vit: N‐acetyl‐cysteine | 20 mg/kg/day N‐acetyl‐cysteine | Drink | 3 x 500 mL drink daily | 0 days (day of exercise) | 9 days |
| Nicol 2015 | Ex: curcumin | 2.5 g/day of curcumin | Capsules | 10 capsules daily (2 x 5 capsules) | 2.5 days | 5 days |
| Nie 2004 | Vit: vitamin C | 800 mg/day vitamin C | Capsules | ? | 3 hours | 2 days |
| O'Connor 2013 | Whole: grape juice | 1.75 mg/kg resveratrol 19.7 mg/kg catechin 12.6 mg/kg 31.7 mg/kg peonidin 125 mg/kg cyanidin 145.2 mg/kg 32.6 mg/kg quercetin 5.6 mg/kg kaempferol 6.8 mg/kg isorhamnetin |
Drink (dissolved powder) | 1 serving of powder daily mixed with 236 mL of water | 45 days | 50 days |
| O'Fallon 2012 | Ex: quercetin | 1000 mg/day quercetin | Bar | 2 bars daily | 7 days | 7 days |
| Peschek 2014 | Whole: cocoa | 350 mg/day flavanols | Drink | 240 mL daily | 0 days (day of exercise) | 3 days |
| Phillips 2003 | Ex: mixed antioxidants | 300 mg/day tocopherols 800 mg/day docosahexaenoate 300 mg/day flavonoids of which was 100 mg hesperetin and 200 mg quercetin |
Capsules | Vitamin E: 1 capsule; docosahexaenoate: 3 capsules; flavonoids: 3 capsules | 14 days | 14 days |
| Shafat 2004 | Vit: vitamin C + vitamin E | 500 mg/day vitamin C 992 mg/day (1200 IU/day) vitamin E |
Capsules | ? | ? | 37 days |
| Silva 2008 | Ex: N‐acetyl‐cysteine | 10 mg/kg/day of body mass N‐acetyl‐cysteine | Capsules | 1 capsule daily | 14 days | 21 days |
| Silva 2010 | Vit: vitamin E | 536 mg/day (800 IU/day) vitamin E | Capsules | 1 capsule daily | 14 days | 21 days |
| Su 2008 | Ex: allicin | 80 mg/day allicin | Capsules | Capsules | 14 days | 16 days |
| Tanabe 2015 | Ex: curcumin | 150 mg/day curcumin | Capsules | 6 capsules daily | 0 days (day of exercise; 1 hour before) | 1 day |
| Theodorou 2011 | Vit: vitamin C + vitamin E | 1 g/day vitamin C 268 mg/day (1200 IU/day) vitamin E |
Capsules | 1 capsule daily | 28 days | 77 days |
| Thompson 2001 | Vit: vitamin C | 1 g/day vitamin C | Drink | ? | 0 days (day of exercise; 2 hours before) | 1 day |
| Thompson 2001a | Vit: vitamin C | 1 g/day of vitamin C on day 1 followed by 400 mg/day divided into 2 doses for 12 days | Drink and capsules | 1 g given in a solution followed by 400 mg/day doses in capsules | 14 days | 14 days |
| Thompson 2003 | Vit: vitamin C | 200 mg/day vitamin C | Drink | Daily drink | 0 days (day of exercise) | 3 days |
| Thompson 2004 | Vit: vitamin C | 200 mg/day vitamin C | Drink | Daily drink | 14 days | 14 days |
| Trombold 2010 | Whole: pomegranate juice | 650 mg/day polyphenols, consisting of 95.5% ellagitannins, 3.5% ellagic acid and 1% anthocyanins | Drink | 960 mL per day (as 2 x 480 mL drinks) | 9 days | 32 days |
| Trombold 2011 | Whole: pomegranate juice | 3958 mg/L of tannins 768 mg/L anthocyanins 242 mg/L of ellagic derivatives |
Drink | 500 mL per day (as 2 x 250 mL drinks) | 15 days | 44 days |
* Types: Extract, mixed or other (e.g. amino‐acid derivative) antioxidants; Vitamin; and Whole natural food source. ** Every study included in this review used a dose higher than the recommended daily amount.