Avery 2003.

Methods	Randomised controlled trial (parallel design)
Participants	Setting: laboratory; USA n = 18 healthy men who were active in endurance sports but not resistance trained (9 in each group) Mean age vitamin group: 22.7 ± 4.1 years Mean age placebo group: 22.3 ± 3.6 years Inclusion/exclusion criteria Participants were normally actively participating in endurance and sports activities but not resistance training to ensure the whole‐body resistance exercise protocol resulted in detectable muscle soreness and muscle disruption. The participants had not lost or gained weight in the previous year, were not adhering to special diets and were not regular consumers of nutritional supplements including vitamin E. All participants were non‐smokers and not currently taking any medication known to affect any of the dependant variables in the study.
Interventions	Intervention Vitamin E supplementation 992 mg per day (1200 IU) Number of capsules per day not specified Placebo Microcrystalline cellulose Duration 31 days
Outcomes	PRIMARY Delayed onset muscle soreness of the shoulders, chest, quadriceps and hamstrings was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (0 to 10 cm) where 0 is "no pain" and 10 is "extreme pain" after performing shoulder abduction, shoulder horizontal adduction and hip flexion (unloaded squat).
Exercise type	Whole body resistance exercise training protocol; 3 sets of 10 repetitions of 30% to 60% 1 RM
Sources of funding	None
Notes	Authors were contacted on 25 May 2016 to request data for delayed onset muscle soreness with no reply.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Participants were matched according to physical characteristics and training history and then randomly assigned using a computer program
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details in the manuscript Authors were contacted on 25 May 2016 with no reply
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Double‐blind
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Double‐blind
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	All participants completed the study
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	No published protocol available All outcomes reported at all time points Adverse effects of antioxidant supplement were not reported
Other bias	Low risk	Participants were asked to refrain from using anti‐inflammatory medication and other supplements for the duration of the study as well as any form of therapeutic intervention such as massage and ice Participants who were exposed to any form of resistance training were also excluded