Goldfarb 2011.

Methods	Randomised controlled trial (parallel design)
Participants	Setting: laboratory; USA n = 44 healthy college aged men age range 18 to 35 years Mean age in the antioxidant group 23.8 (SEM 3.6) years (n = 21) Mean age in the placebo group 22.8 (SEM 0.7) years (n = 20) Inclusion/exclusion criteria All participants completed a medical history, diet, supplement and fitness questionnaire to determine eligibility. Participants were non‐smokers, were not on anti‐inflammatory drugs or on dietary supplements for at least 3 months and refrained from these substances throughout the study.
Interventions	Intervention Fruit, vegetable and berry juice powder (7.5 mg beta‐carotene, 276 mg vitamin C and 108 IU of vitamin E) (Juice Plus+, NSA, LLC, Collierville, TN) Placebo Microcrystalline cellulose capsules Participants were given a sealed container and were asked to take 6 capsules per day, 3 in the morning and 3 in the afternoon Duration 28 days
Outcomes	PRIMARY Delayed onset muscle soreness was measured at the elbow flexor with the arm rested using a visual linear scale ranging from 1 to 10 where 1 is "no pain" and 10 is "extreme pain" SECONDARY Maximal isometric strength was measured on a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. Each participant performed 3 maximal isometric force contractions with their non‐dominant and dominant arm elbow flexors each lasting 3 seconds with 60 seconds rest in between each effort. Range of motion was assessed using a goniometer assessing the elbow flexors on both arms by asking participants to flex and extend their arms at the elbows.
Exercise type	4 sets of 12 repetitions of eccentric actions of the elbow flexors
Sources of funding	The research study was partially supported by the NSA LLC and the University of North Carolina Greensboro
Notes	Authors were contacted on 25 November 2013 to request data for delayed onset muscle soreness, maximal voluntary isometric contraction and range of motion but did not respond
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Participants were randomised but no details provided in the manuscript on how this was done Authors were contacted on 25 November 2013 with no reply
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details in the manuscript Authors were contacted on 25 November 2013 via email with no reply
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Double‐blind
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Double‐blind
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	3 participants did not complete the study: 2 participants were from the placebo group and 1 participant was from the supplementation group Attrition rate: 6.8%
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	No published protocol available All outcomes reported at all time points Adverse effects of antioxidant supplementation were not reported
Other bias	Low risk	Participants were asked to refrain from using anti‐inflammatory medication and other supplements for the duration of the study as well as any form of therapeutic intervention such as massage and ice. Participants who were exposed to any form of resistance training were also excluded