Theodorou 2011.
| Methods | Randomised controlled trial (parallel design) | |
| Participants | Setting: laboratory; Greece n = 28 healthy, recreationally trained men Mean age placebo group 25.6 (SEM 1.2) Mean age vitamin C group 26.2 (SEM 1.5) Inclusion/exclusion criteria Men were recruited after advertising the study in the local media |
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| Interventions |
Intervention 1g of vitamin C and 400 IU vitamin E Placebo Lactose Duration 11 weeks |
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| Outcomes |
PRIMARY Delayed onset muscle soreness was assessed using a squat using body weight with a 0 to 10 scale where 0 is "normal" and 10 is "very sore" SECONDARY Range of motion Isometric peak torque using an isokinetic dynamometer. Isometric knee extensor peak torque at 90 degrees knee flexion was measured. The average of the 3 best maximal voluntary contractions with the dominant leg was recorded. |
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| Exercise type | Knee extensions on an isokinetic dynamometer | |
| Sources of funding | None: the authors had no personal or financial conflicts of interest | |
| Notes | 1 capsule per day | |
| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) | High risk | Participants were allocated based on age, BMI and maximum isometric torque into equal groups then a computer generator was used for the assignment into groups |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Low risk | No details in manuscript Authors were emailed in 25 May 2016 via email to request this information Author response: "We used an independent person and a sealed opaque envelope for the allocation concealment." |
| Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Double‐blind |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Double‐blind |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Low risk | All participants completed the study |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Unclear risk | Study protocol published (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01290458) All the outcomes published in the study protocol were measured in the actual study All outcomes reported at all time points However, adverse effects of antioxidant supplementation were not reported |
| Other bias | Unclear risk | Participants were asked to keep food records for 3 days before testing, however no details on whether participants were asked to refrain from using other supplements and anti‐inflammatory medication |