| Methods |
Country: USA
Recruitment setting: mothers attending 4 paediatric clinics, unselected by motivation |
| Participants |
303 women (any smoking), 23% in precontemplation
av. age 33, av cpd 12
Intervention delivered either by clinic nurses or a study interventionist. Nurses received 8 hours individual training in motivational interviewing |
| Interventions |
1. Clinician advice based on 5As (1 ‐ 5 mins), self‐help materials targeted for mothers. Asked to meet a nurse or health educator who provided motivational interviewing during visit. Up to 3 phone calls over 3 m
2. No intervention
Intensity: High (but implementation incomplete) |
| Outcomes |
Abstinence at 12 m (sustained at 3 m and 12 m. PP also reported)
Validation: CO < 10 ppm, only for women followed up in person. Tabulated rates based on self‐report |
| Notes |
Intervention included physician advice. Not all participants received intervention. Based on counsellor records, 74% received face‐to‐face intervention, average length 13 mins, and 78% had at least 1 phone call. Nurses provided intervention as part of their normal duties |
| Risk of bias |
| Bias |
Authors' judgement |
Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) |
High risk |
Participants "determined their randomization group by choosing a Ping‐Pong ball out of a brown paper bag. The bag contained several Ping‐Pong balls that were either white or yellow, and the color of the selected ball indicated their study group." |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) |
High risk |
See above |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)
All outcomes |
Low risk |
19% lost at final follow‐up; counted as smokers. Similar numbers lost to follow‐up in both groups |
