Rupp 1987.

Methods	Double‐blind randomized trial Cross‐over design
Participants	N = 30 patients ‐ 28 women and 2 men 28 participants at start of study Source: Outpatient Rheumatology Clinic at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Patients with systemic Raynaud's vasospasms, at least 3 attacks per week during the month preceding start of the study 2 patients excluded before the trial began; 1 dropout
Interventions	Complete history and examination for participants, who received placebo or nicardipine for 4 weeks followed by a cross‐over for the next 4 weeks Total study duration 8 weeks
Outcomes	Participant diary used to record vasospastic attacks and side effects. Severity rated on an ordinal scale from 0 to 4. Pain associated with vasospasm recorded on a 15‐cm visual analogue scale. Daily number of episodes recorded. Variables recorded on a diary sheet; after completion of each 4‐week trial, participants evaluated in the human physiology laboratory. At study end, participants asked to give subjective evaluation of treatment periods. Used 15‐cm horizontal visual analogue scale to rate degree of pain with cold challenge with immersion of the right hand in ice for 90 seconds
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Evidence insufficient for judgement of risk
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Evidence insufficient for judgement of risk
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Double‐blind cross‐over study
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Participant assessment of attacks, severity, and side effects
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	1/28 dropouts while taking placebo for side effects
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	None detected
Other bias	Unclear risk	No mention of a washover period