Comparison 1.
Calcium supplementation/fortification vs control
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Effect mean difference of systolic blood pressure | 16 | 3048 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.43 [‐2.15, ‐0.72] |
| 1.1 Women | 6 | 1823 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.45 [‐2.78, ‐0.12] |
| 1.2 Men | 5 | 507 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐2.07 [‐3.56, ‐0.59] |
| 1.3 Both genders | 6 | 718 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.11 [‐2.15, ‐0.08] |
| 2 Effect mean difference of diastolic blood pressure | 15 | 2947 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.98 [‐1.46, ‐0.50] |
| 2.1 Women | 6 | 1823 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.92 [‐1.71, ‐0.14] |
| 2.2 Men | 5 | 507 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.91 [‐2.80, ‐1.02] |
| 2.3 Both genders | 5 | 617 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.25 [‐1.08, 0.57] |
| 3 Change of systolic blood pressure | 9 | 2694 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.28 [‐2.04, ‐0.52] |
| 3.1 Women | 3 | 1656 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.53 [‐2.97, ‐0.09] |
| 3.2 Men | 4 | 432 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.85 [‐3.45, ‐0.25] |
| 3.3 Both genders | 3 | 606 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.89 [‐1.96, 0.18] |
| 4 Change of diastolic blood pressure | 8 | 2593 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.96 [‐1.47, ‐0.45] |
| 4.1 Women | 3 | 1656 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.13 [‐1.98, ‐0.29] |
| 4.2 Men | 4 | 432 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐2.01 [‐2.94, ‐1.08] |
| 4.3 Both genders | 2 | 505 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.14 [‐0.73, 1.01] |
| 5 Final value of systolic blood pressure | 10 | 538 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐2.19 [‐3.84, ‐0.54] |
| 5.1 Women | 3 | 167 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.01 [‐4.49, 2.48] |
| 5.2 Men | 2 | 124 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐5.27 [‐8.53, ‐2.01] |
| 5.3 Both genders | 5 | 247 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.18 [‐3.47, 1.11] |
| 6 Final value of diastolic blood pressure | 9 | 437 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.22 [‐2.52, 0.08] |
| 6.1 Women | 3 | 167 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.51 [‐1.70, 2.73] |
| 6.2 Men | 2 | 124 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.88 [‐4.26, 0.50] |
| 6.3 Both genders | 4 | 146 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐2.33 [‐4.50, ‐0.17] |
| 7 Effect mean difference of systolic blood pressure by age | 16 | 3048 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.25 [‐2.00, ‐0.51] |
| 7.1 Less than 35 years of age | 7 | 399 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐2.11 [‐3.58, ‐0.64] |
| 7.2 35 years and older | 9 | 2649 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.96 [‐1.83, ‐0.09] |
| 8 Effect mean difference of diastolic blood pressure by age | 15 | 2947 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.97 [‐1.45, ‐0.48] |
| 8.1 Less than 35 years of age | 6 | 298 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐2.61 [‐3.74, ‐1.49] |
| 8.2 35 years and older | 9 | 2649 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.59 [‐1.13, ‐0.06] |
| 9 Change in systolic blood pressure by age | 7 | 2559 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.18 [‐2.01, ‐0.35] |
| 9.1 Less than 35 years of age | 2 | 89 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐2.56 [‐4.90, ‐0.23] |
| 9.2 35 years and older | 5 | 2470 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.98 [‐1.87, ‐0.10] |
| 10 Change in diastolic blood pressure by age | 7 | 2559 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.97 [‐1.49, ‐0.46] |
| 10.1 Less than 35 years of age | 2 | 89 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐3.96 [‐5.48, ‐2.44] |
| 10.2 35 years and older | 5 | 2470 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.58 [‐1.13, ‐0.04] |
| 11 Final value in systolic blood pressure by age | 10 | 538 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐2.19 [‐3.84, ‐0.54] |
| 11.1 Less than 35 years of age | 5 | 310 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.81 [‐3.71, 0.09] |
| 11.2 35 years and older | 5 | 228 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐3.39 [‐6.76, ‐0.03] |
| 12 Final value in diastolic blood pressure by age | 9 | 437 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.22 [‐2.52, 0.08] |
| 12.1 Less than 35 years of age | 4 | 209 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.99 [‐2.66, 0.68] |
| 12.2 35 years and older | 5 | 228 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.58 [‐3.65, 0.49] |
| 13 Effect mean difference in systolic blood pressure by basal calcium intake | 9 | 2704 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.04 [‐1.86, ‐0.22] |
| 13.1 Calcium Intake below 600 mg a day | 1 | 58 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.70 [‐6.33, 2.93] |
| 13.2 Calcium Intake from 600 to less than 800 mg a day | 5 | 786 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.87 [‐1.88, 0.13] |
| 13.3 Calcium intake above 800 mg a day | 4 | 1860 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.34 [‐2.80, 0.13] |
| 14 Effect mean difference in diastolic blood pressure by basal calcium intake | 9 | 2704 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.67 [‐1.20, ‐0.15] |
| 14.1 Calcium Intake below 600 mg a day | 1 | 58 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.40 [‐1.90, 4.70] |
| 14.2 Calcium Intake from 600 to less than 800 mg a day | 5 | 786 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.41 [‐1.11, 0.29] |
| 14.3 Calcium intake above 800 mg a day | 4 | 1860 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.14 [‐1.94, ‐0.34] |
| 15 Change in systolic blood pressure by basal calcium intake | 6 | 2527 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.05 [‐1.89, ‐0.21] |
| 15.1 Calcium Intake from 600 to less than 800 mg a day | 4 | 705 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.90 [‐1.92, 0.12] |
| 15.2 Calcium intake above 800 mg a day | 3 | 1822 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.37 [‐2.86, 0.12] |
| 16 Change in diastolic blood pressure by basal calcium intake | 6 | 2527 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.74 [‐1.28, ‐0.20] |
| 16.1 Calcium Intake below 600 mg a day | 0 | 0 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 16.2 Calcium Intake from 600 to less than 800 mg a day | 4 | 705 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.43 [‐1.15, 0.29] |
| 16.3 Calcium intake above 800 mg a day | 3 | 1822 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.14 [‐1.96, ‐0.33] |
| 17 Final value of systolic blood pressure by basal calcium intake | 4 | 226 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐2.99 [‐5.86, ‐0.11] |
| 17.1 Calcium Intake below 600 mg a day | 1 | 58 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.70 [‐6.33, 2.93] |
| 17.2 Calcium Intake from 600 to less than 800 mg a day | 2 | 130 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐4.56 [‐8.58, ‐0.54] |
| 17.3 Calcium intake above 800 mg a day | 1 | 38 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.0 [‐8.93, 8.93] |
| 18 Final value of diastolic blood pressure by basal calcium intake | 4 | 226 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.50 [‐2.38, 1.38] |
| 18.1 Calcium Intake below 600 mg a day | 1 | 58 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.40 [‐1.90, 4.70] |
| 18.2 Calcium Intake from 600 to less than 800 mg a day | 2 | 130 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.49 [‐2.00, 1.01] |
| 18.3 Calcium intake above 800 mg a day | 1 | 38 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.0 [‐6.72, 4.72] |
| 19 Effect mean difference of systolic blood pressure by dose | 16 | 3048 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.25 [‐2.00, ‐0.51] |
| 19.1 Less than 1000 mg of calcium intake | 2 | 263 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.08 [‐2.16, 2.32] |
| 19.2 1000 ‐ 1500 of calcium intake | 8 | 2435 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.14 [‐2.01, ‐0.27] |
| 19.3 1500 mg or more of calcium intake | 7 | 350 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐2.79 [‐4.71, ‐0.86] |
| 20 Effect mean difference of diastolic blood pressure by dose | 15 | 2947 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.97 [‐1.45, ‐0.48] |
| 20.1 Diary calcium intake < less than 1000 mg | 1 | 162 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.54 [‐2.23, 1.15] |
| 20.2 Diary calcium intake 1000 ‐ 1250 mg | 7 | 964 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.71 [‐1.37, ‐0.06] |
| 20.3 Diary calcium intake 1500 mg or more | 8 | 1821 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.43 [‐2.22, ‐0.64] |
| 21 Change in diastolic blood pressure by dose | 7 | 2559 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.97 [‐1.49, ‐0.46] |
| 21.1 Diary calcium intake less than 1000 mg | 1 | 162 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.54 [‐2.23, 1.15] |
| 21.2 Diary calcium intake 1000 ‐ 1250 mg | 5 | 894 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.68 [‐1.35, ‐0.02] |
| 21.3 Diary calcium intake 1500 mg or more | 2 | 1503 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.69 [‐2.64, ‐0.75] |
| 22 Change in systolic blood pressure by dose | 7 | 2559 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.18 [‐2.01, ‐0.35] |
| 22.1 Less than 1000 mg of calcium intake | 1 | 162 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.06 [‐2.90, 3.02] |
| 22.2 1000 ‐ 1500 of calcium intake | 6 | 2365 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.15 [‐2.02, ‐0.27] |
| 22.3 1500 mg or more of calcium intake | 1 | 32 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐5.70 [‐10.58, ‐0.82] |
| 23 Final value in systolic blood pressure by dose | 9 | 489 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.56 [‐3.29, 0.17] |
| 23.1 Less than 1000 mg of calcium intake | 1 | 101 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.10 [‐3.33, 3.53] |
| 23.2 1000 ‐ 1500 of calcium intake | 2 | 70 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.70 [‐7.90, 6.50] |
| 23.3 1500 mg or more of calcium intake | 6 | 318 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐2.25 [‐4.34, ‐0.16] |
| 24 Final value in diastolic blood pressure by dose | 8 | 388 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.92 [‐2.30, 0.46] |
| 24.1 Diary calcium intake less than 1000 mg | 0 | 0 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 24.2 Diary calcium intake 1000 ‐ 1250 mg | 2 | 70 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.91 [‐6.13, 2.30] |
| 24.3 Diary calcium intake 1500 mg or more | 6 | 318 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.80 [‐2.26, 0.65] |
| 25 Effect mean difference of systolic blood pressure by duration | 16 | 3048 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.25 [‐2.00, ‐0.51] |
| 25.1 Less than 6 month | 11 | 674 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.79 [‐2.92, ‐0.67] |
| 25.2 6 months or more | 5 | 2374 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.83 [‐1.83, 0.17] |
| 26 Effect mean difference of diastolic blood pressure by duration | 15 | 2947 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.97 [‐1.45, ‐0.48] |
| 26.1 Less than 6 month | 10 | 573 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.95 [‐2.77, ‐1.14] |
| 26.2 6 month or more | 5 | 2374 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.43 [‐1.03, 0.17] |
| 27 Effect mean difference of systolic blood pressure by intervention type | 16 | 3048 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.25 [‐2.00, ‐0.51] |
| 27.1 Supplementation | 14 | 2909 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.33 [‐2.10, ‐0.56] |
| 27.2 Fortification | 2 | 139 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.09 [‐3.11, 3.29] |
| 28 Effect mean difference of diastolic blood pressure by intervention type | 15 | 2947 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.97 [‐1.45, ‐0.48] |
| 28.1 Supplementation | 14 | 2909 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐0.97 [‐1.45, ‐0.48] |
| 28.2 Fortification | 1 | 38 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.0 [‐6.72, 4.72] |