Table 2.
Univariate comparison of neurocognitive, emotional and quality of life outcomes between survivors with and without growth hormone deficiency (GHD).
| Non-GHD | GHD | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95% CL) | Mean (95% CL) | Mean | |
| Neurocognitive – Direct Testing | |||
| Intelligence/Achievement | |||
| Vocabulary | −0.61 (−0.75, −0.46) | −0.84 (−0.97, −0.70) | 0.02 |
| Perceptual Reasoning | −0.11 (−0.24, 0.02) | −0.24 (−0.37, −0.11) | 0.15 |
| Reading | −0.45 (−0.54, −0.36) | −0.57 (−0.66, −0.47) | 0.09 |
| Mathematics | −0.76 (−0.91, −0.61) | −0.93 (−1.07, −0.79) | 0.10 |
| Attention | |||
| Focus | −0.37 (−0.57, −0.18) | −0.56 (−0.75, −0.36) | 0.19 |
| Sustain | −0.77 (−1.12, −0.42) | −1.13 (−1.54, −0.72) | 0.19 |
| Variability | −0.50 (−0.66, −0.34) | −0.58 (−0.75, −0.42) | 0.46 |
| Memory | |||
| Span | −0.42 (−0.55, −0.30) | −0.54 (−0.66, −0.42) | 0.17 |
| New Learning | −0.24 (−0.41, −0.08) | −0.28 (−0.43, −0.13) | 0.73 |
| Short-term Recall | −0.22 (−0.38, −0.06) | −0.25 (−0.39, −0.11) | 0.79 |
| Long-term Recall | −0.29 (−0.45, −0.12) | −0.36 (−0.51, −0.21) | 0.53 |
| Processing Speed | |||
| Motor | −0.99 (−1.18, −0.80) | −1.03 (−1.20, −0.86) | 0.78 |
| Visual | −0.30 (−0.42, −0.18) | −0.49 (−0.61, −0.36) | 0.04 |
| Visual-Motor | −0.57 (−0.68, −0.45) | −0.67 (−0.78, −0.56) | 0.22 |
| Executive Function | |||
| Flexibility | −0.94 (−1.17, −0.71) | −1.37 (−1.60, −1.13) | 0.01 |
| Fluency | −0.44 (−0.57, −0.30) | −0.74 (−0.87, −0.62) | 0.001 |
| Working Memory | −0.40 (−0.51, −0.30) | −0.51 (−0.62, −0.41) | 0.16 |
| Neurocognitive – Self-report | |||
| Task Efficiency | −0.93 (−0.75, −1.10) | −1.19 (−1.01, −1.37) | 0.04 |
| Memory | −1.08 (−0.92, −1.23) | −1.25 (−1.10, −1.41) | 0.11 |
| Organization | −0.21 (−0.08, −0.34) | −0.34 (−0.20, −0.48) | 0.19 |
| Emotional Regulation | −0.22 (−0.09, −0.35) | −0.46 (−0.32, −0.60) | 0.02 |
| Emotional Distress | |||
| Depression | −0.04 (−0.17, 0.09) | −0.18 (−0.31, −0.05) | 0.13 |
| Anxiety | 0.18 (0.05, 0.30) | 0.05 (−0.08, 0.18) | 0.17 |
| Somatization | −0.12 (−0.24, −0.01) | −0.32 (−0.44, −0.20) | 0.02 |
| Quality of Life | |||
| Physical Functioning | 0.01 (−0.11, 0.13) | −0.20 (−0.33, −0.08) | 0.02 |
| Role Physical | 0.05 (−0.08, 0.18) | −0.11 (−0.24, 0.02) | 0.09 |
| Bodily Pain | 0.09 (−0.04, 0.21) | −0.10 (−0.23, 0.02) | 0.04 |
| General Health | −0.21 (−0.34, −0.08) | −0.49 (−0.64, −0.35) | 0.005 |
| Vitality | −0.07 (−0.20, 0.06) | −0.33 (−0.46, −0.20) | 0.005 |
| Social Function | −0.12 (−0.23, 0.001) | −0.31 (−0.45, −0.18) | 0.03 |
| Role Emotional | −0.09 (−0.23, 0.04) | −0.25 (−0.39, −0.11) | 0.10 |
| Mental Health | −0.09 (−0.22, 0.04) | −0.34 (−0.47, −0.20) | 0.01 |
Note: All means presented as age-adjusted z-scores (μ = 0, σ = 1.0), lower z-scores reflect worse performance or more symptoms.