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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 7.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroscientist. 2018 Sep 28;25(6):566–582. doi: 10.1177/1073858418803594

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Speech-language cortical areas and the dorsal and ventral pathways that interconnect them. Multiple studies examining stuttering speakers have reported decreased white matter integrity in the left dorsal pathways, and morphological changes affecting the motor and auditory cortical areas that are interconnected by these tracts. AF/SLF: arcuate fasciculus/superior longitudinal fasciculus; BA: Brodmann area; EFCS: extreme fiber capsule system; FOP: frontal operculum; UF: uncinate fasciculus. Figure reprinted and modified with permission from The American Physiological Society and Copyright Clearance Center. The Brain Basis of Language Processing: From Structure to Function. Friederici AD. Physiological Reviews. 2011.