Schematic of osmotic response model based on the density of σ70 promoter-like sites. In each condition, the left section illustrates the potential interaction among RNAP, promoter-like site and salt. The right section represents the equilibrium state of RNAP-σ70 promoter-like sites interaction. The small gray arrow represents the potential RNAP binding to the promoter-like sites. The purple round-head arrow shows the neutralization of the RNAP–DNA interaction by salt. The meaning of each symbol is annotated at the bottom. In LB condition, RNAPs bind to the intergenic regions of ‘LB only’ and ‘Continuous’ genes. The actively initiating promoters of ‘Shock All’ genes may be blocked by the bending, wrapping or bridging of some repressors. In osmoadaptation condition, repressors are released from the nucleoid and RNAPs dissociate with the intergenic regions with low promoter density and RNAPs redistribute to the intergenic regions of ‘Shock All’ genes with high density of σ70 promoter-like sites. IGRLow-density, intergenic region with low density of σ70 promoter-like sites; IGRHigh-density, intergenic region with high density of σ70 promoter-like sites.