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. 2019 Mar 25;116(17):8249–8254. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1814970116

Table 1.

Share of each rural population’s source of drinking water in Malawi

Water source 1998, % 2008, %
Clean drinking water
Piped inside dwelling unit 0.62 0.67
Piped outside dwelling unit 2.91 1.54
Communal stand pipe 8.08 6.69
Protected well 11.89 6.39
Borehole 29.71 53.94
Spring 1.29 0.59
Unsafe drinking water
Unprotected well 28.69 20.21
Stream/river 14.86 7.85
Pond/lake/dam 1.70 0.79
Others 0.24 1.32
Total 100.00 100.00

Data from refs. 34 and 35; calculated by the authors.