TABLE E1.
Patient characteristics and procedure details for treatment groups
| Characteristic | Mitral valve surgery alone (n = 127) | Mitral valve surgery + PVI (n = 67) | Mitral valve surgery + biatrial maze (n = 66) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 63 (50) | 29 (43) | 28 (42) |
| Age (y) | 69 ± 10 | 71 ± 10 | 68 ± 10 |
| White race | 112 (88) | 55 (82) | 61 (92) |
| Hispanic ethnic group | 8 (6.3) | 3 (4.5) | 7(11) |
| Diabetes | 28 (22) | 14 (21) | 16 (24) |
| Renal insufficiency | 5 (3.9) | 5 (7.5) | 3 (4.5) |
| Previous CABG | 4(3.1) | 2 (3.0) | 5 (7.6) |
| Previous PCI | 11 (8.7) | 9(13) | 11 (17) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 13 (10) | 10 (15) | 12 (18) |
| Use of anticoagulant | 97 (76) | 55 (82) | 50 (76) |
| Use of class III antiarrhythmic | 15 (12) | 7(10) | 7(11) |
| NYHA class III or IV | 62/126 (49) | 31/67 (46) | 25/66 (38) |
| Atrial fibrillation status | |||
| Longstanding persistent | 71 (56) | 34 (51) | 36 (55) |
| Persistent | 56 (44) | 33 (49) | 30 (45) |
| Occurrence of atrial fibrillation at least once daily* | 89/111 (80) | 40/60 (67) | 45/57 (79) |
| Short Form-12 physical-function score | 38 ± 8.8 | 38 ± 8.5 | 39 ± 7.5 |
| Cause of mitral valve disease | |||
| Organic disease | 73 (57) | 38 (57) | 37 (56) |
| Functional nonischemic mitral regurgitation | 48 (38) | 24 (36) | 19 (29) |
| Ischemic mitral regurgitation | 6 (4.7) | 5 (7.5) | 10 (15) |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 56 ± 7.7 | 56 ± 8.0 | 55 ± 7.2 |
| Left atrial volume during early diastole (mL) | 140 ± 111 | 124 ± 66 | 130 ± 72 |
| Mitral valve surgery† | |||
| Valve replacement | 61/126 (48) | 25/67 (37) | 29/66 (44) |
| Valve repair | 65/126 (52) | 42/67 (63) | 37/66 (56) |
| Left atrial appendage management | 114/126 (90) | 65/67 (97) | 65/66 (98) |
| Suture closure | 43 (38) | 21 (32) | 27 (42) |
| Excised | 54 (47) | 32 (49) | 28 (43) |
| Clip closure | 17 (15) | 12 (18) | 10 (15) |
| Concomitant procedure† | |||
| Surgical management of tricuspid regurgitation | 48/126 (38) | 26/67 (39) | 24/66 (36) |
| Aortic valve replacement | 20/126 (16) | 8/67 (12) | 6/66 (9.1) |
| CABG | 25/126 (20) | 8/67 (12) | 19/66 (29) |
| Other | 11/126 (8.7) | 10/67 (15) | 6/66 (9.1) |
| CPB time (min)† | 132 ± 51 | 143 ± 66 | 152 ± 61 |
| Aortic clamp time (min)‡ | 96 ± 36 | 98 ± 39 | 107 ± 44 |
Values are presented as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation. PVI, Pulmonary vein isolation; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass.
*
Atrial Fibrillation Severity Scale.
†
One patient withdrew consent before the index surgery.
‡
Thirteen patients did not have the aorta clamped and were excluded from calculations. One patient withdrew consent before the index surgery.