Table 3.

Hierarchical linear regression models testing the associations between parental depression, testosterone, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms

	B	SE
Outcome = CBCL-I
Age at assessment	−.004	.01
Sex	−.47	.50
Race (white/non-white)	−.05	.77
PDS	−.04	.48
Waking time	−.06	.31
Testosterone	−.12	.72
Maternal depression only1	−.56	3.90
Paternal depression only1	10.22	6.07
Both parents depressed1	18.21**	5.85
Testosterone × maternal depression	.92	1.19
Testosterone × paternal depression	−2.83	1.83
Testosterone × both parents depressed	−4.90**	1.79
Outcome = CBCL-E
Age at assessment	.004	.01
Sex	.28	.56
Race (white/non-white)	.46	.86
PDS	−.05	.52
Waking time	−.53	.34
Testosterone	−1.20	.80
Maternal depression only1	−1.20	4.35
Paternal depression only1	2.71	6.77
Both parents depressed1	19.28**	6.51
Testosterone × maternal depression only	.84	1.32
Testosterone × paternal depression only	−.68	2.04
Testosterone × both parents depressed	−4.99t	1.99

Note. CBCL-I = Child Behavior Checklist – Internalizing Factor; PDS = Pubertal Development Scale (Shirtcliff et al. Tanner conversion score); CBCL-E = Child Behavior Checklist – Externalizing Factor.

^tp<.05,

^**p<.01,

^***p<.001

¹Versus no parental depression reference category