Table 4.

Hierarchical linear regression models testing the associations between parental depression, cortisol awakening response, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms

	B	SE
Outcome = CBCL-I
Age at assessment	−.01	.01
Sex	−.001	.51
Race (white/non-white)	.73	.80
PDS	.32	.47
Waking time	−.13	.33
CAR	−.08	.09
Maternal depression only1	1.36	.64
Paternal depression only1	.32	1.91
Both parents depressed1	2.53**	.96
CAR × maternal depression only	.43**	.16
CAR × paternal depression only	−.11	.20
CAR × both parents depressed	.31	.26
Outcome = CBCL-E
Age at assessment	.001	.01
Sex	.73	.62
Race (white/non-white)	.13	.97
PDS	−.34	.56
Waking time	−.54	.40
CAR	−.12	.11
Maternal depression only1	.80	.77
Paternal depression only1	.23	1.11
Both parents depressed1	5.70***	1.17
CAR × maternal depression only	.43t	.20
CAR × paternal depression only	−.05	.24
CAR × both parents depressed	−.76t	.34

Note. CBCL-I = Child Behavior Checklist – Internalizing Factor; PDS = Pubertal Development Scale (Shirtcliff et al. Tanner conversion score); CAR = cortisol awakening response; CBCL-E = Child Behavior Checklist – Externalizing Factor.

^*p<.05,

^**p<.01,

^***p<.001

¹Versus no parental depression reference category