Table 5.
Hierarchical linear regression models testing the associations between parental depression, cortisol area under the curve, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms
| B | SE | |
|---|---|---|
| Outcome = CBCL-I | ||
| Age at assessment | −.02 | .01 |
| Sex | 1.99 | 1.91 |
| Race (white/non-white) | .47 | .84 |
| PDS | .21 | .49 |
| Waking time | −.27 | .35 |
| AUCg | −.001 | .02 |
| Maternal depression only1 | −.68 | 2.52 |
| Paternal depression only1 | .30 | 3.51 |
| Both parents depressed1 | 13.88*** | 3.77 |
| AUCg × sex | −.02 | .02 |
| AUCg × maternal depression only | .04 | .03 |
| AUCg × paternal depression only | −.01 | .04 |
| AUCg × both parents depressed | −.14** | .05 |
| Sex × maternal depression only | 1.65 | 3.27 |
| Sex × paternal depression only | −1.57 | 4.86 |
| Sex × both parents depressed | −18.50*** | 5.14 |
| AUCg × sex × maternal depression only | −.03 | .04 |
| AUCg × sex × paternal depression only | .04 | .06 |
| AUCg × sex × both parents depressed | .23*** | .07 |
| Outcome = CBCL-E | ||
| Age at assessment | −.002 | .01 |
| Sex | .58 | .62 |
| Race (white/non-white) | −.03 | .98 |
| PDS | −.83 | .57 |
| Waking time | −.86 | .40 |
| AUCg | −.02 | .01 |
| Maternal depression only1 | −1.63 | 1.87 |
| Paternal depression only1 | .90 | 2.80 |
| Both parents depressed1 | 15.75*** | 3.00 |
| AUCg × maternal depression only | .05 | .03 |
| AUCg × paternal depression only | −.01 | .03 |
| AUCg × both parents depressed | .16*** | .04 |
Note. CBCL-I = Child Behavior Checklist – Internalizing Factor; PDS = Pubertal Development Scale (Shirtcliff et al. Tanner conversion score); AUCg = area under the curve with respect to ground; CBCL-E = Child Behavior Checklist – Externalizing Factor.
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01,
***
p<.001
1
Versus no parental depression reference category