Table 3.
Multiple regression fixed effects models
| All countries | LMICs | HICs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Female | Male | Total | Female | Male | Total | Female | Male | |
| (Coef, CI) | (Coef, CI) | (Coef, CI) | (Coef, CI) | (Coef, CI) | (Coef, CI) | (Coef, CI) | (Coef, CI) | (Coef, CI) | |
| Real GDP per Capita (1000 2005US$), PPP 5 yr. lag | − 0.0049*** | − 0.0132*** | 0.0035** | 0.0477*** | 0.0323*** | 0.0631*** | −0.0065*** | − 0.0092*** | − 0.0038*** |
| [− 0.0072,-0.0025] | [− 0.0162,-0.0102] | [0.0013,0.0056] | [0.0356,0.0598] | [0.0172,0.0475] | [0.0520,0.0743] | [−0.0090,-0.0040] | [−0.0125,-0.0059] | [− 0.0057,-0.0019] | |
| Economic Globalization, 5 yr. lag | − 0.1007 | −0.1378 | − 0.0635 | − 0.0276 | − 0.027 | − 0.0282 | − 0.4988** | − 0.5568* | − 0.4407*** |
| [− 0.2855,0.0842] | [− 0.3741,0.0984] | [− 0.2288,0.1018] | [− 0.2474,0.1922] | [− 0.3019,0.2479] | [− 0.2300,0.1737] | [−0.8224,-0.1751] | [− 0.9863,-0.1272] | [− 0.6892,-0.1922] | |
| Cultural Globalization, 5 yr. lag | 0.0846 | −1.0025*** | 1.1717*** | 0.215 | −0.5755** | 1.0056*** | −0.5068** | −1.1211*** | 0.1074 |
| [−0.1219,0.2910] | [−1.2663,-0.7388] | [0.9871,1.3562] | [−0.0895,0.5195] | [−0.9563,-0.1947] | [0.7260,1.2852] | [−0.8291,-0.1846] | [−1.5489,-0.6933] | [− 0.1400,0.3548] | |
| Women’s Empower-ment index, 5 yr. lag | 0.5548*** | 0.5370*** | 0.5727*** | 0.4898*** | 0.3134** | 0.6662*** | 1.2394*** | 1.7150*** | 0.7638*** |
| [0.3894,0.7203] | [0.3255,0.7484] | [0.4248,0.7207] | [0.3076,0.6720] | [0.0856,0.5413] | [0.4989,0.8335] | [0.8624,1.6164] | [1.2146,2.2155] | [0.4743,1.0533] | |
| Democracy, 5 yr. lag | −0.0165*** | −0.0147*** | −0.0182*** | − 0.0145*** | −0.0143*** | − 0.0146*** | −0.0109** | − 0.0102* | −0.0116*** |
| [−0.0194,-0.0136] | [−0.0185,-0.0110] | [− 0.0209,-0.0156] | [− 0.0177,-0.0112] | [−0.0184,-0.0103] | [− 0.0176,-0.0116] | [− 0.0178,-0.0040] | [−0.0193,-0.0010] | [− 0.0169,-0.0063] | |
| Urban Population (%), 5 yr. lag | 0.0197*** | 0.0243*** | 0.0151*** | 0.0197*** | 0.0210*** | 0.0185*** | 0.0110** | 0.0108* | 0.0112*** |
| [0.0162,0.0232] | [0.0198,0.0288] | [0.0119,0.0182] | [0.0157,0.0238] | [0.0159,0.0261] | [0.0147,0.0222] | [0.0039,0.0181] | [0.0014,0.0203] | [0.0057,0.0167] | |
| Fat supply (g/capita/day), 2 yr. lag | −0.2298 | −0.5855 | 0.1259 | 0.0601 | −0.2523 | 0.3725 | −0.4245 | −1.2499* | 0.4009 |
| [−0.7781,0.3185] | [−1.2861,0.1152] | [−0.3645,0.6162] | [− 0.6256,0.7458] | [− 1.1098,0.6052] | [− 0.2572,1.0021] | [−1.3135,0.4645] | [−2.4299,-0.0699] | [−0.2817,1.0834] | |
| Protein supply (g/capita/day), 2 yr. lag | 5.2932*** | 6.3267*** | 4.2597*** | 5.5366*** | 6.5930*** | 4.4803*** | 3.7067*** | 4.5127*** | 2.9006*** |
| [4.5661,6.0203] | [5.3976,7.2557] | [3.6095,4.9099] | [4.6805,6.3927] | [5.5223,7.6636] | [3.6942,5.2664] | [2.3864,5.0270] | [2.7602,6.2651] | [1.8869,3.9143] | |
| Carbon Dioxide Emissions (Tons per Capita), 2 yr. lag | 0.0246*** | 0.0231*** | 0.0262*** | 0.0821*** | 0.1053*** | 0.0588*** | 0.0206*** | 0.0232*** | 0.0181*** |
| [0.0189,0.0304] | [0.0158,0.0304] | [0.0211,0.0313] | [0.0640,0.1002] | [0.0827,0.1279] | [0.0422,0.0755] | [0.0146,0.0267] | [0.0151,0.0312] | [0.0134,0.0227] | |
| _cons | 21.2243*** | 21.5672*** | 20.8815*** | 20.6110*** | 21.0407*** | 20.1813*** | 23.0198*** | 23.1230*** | 22.9165*** |
| [21.014,21.434] | [21.298,21.835] | [20.693,21.069] | [20.409,20.812] | [20.788,21.292] | [19.996,20.366] | [22.447,23.592] | [22.363,23.882] | [22.477,23.355] | |
| r2 | 0.8217 | 0.7798 | 0.8209 | 0.8317 | 0.8167 | 0.7974 | 0.8346 | 0.721 | 0.9054 |
| N | 4206 | 4206 | 4206 | 2911 | 2911 | 2911 | 1295 | 1295 | 1295 |
*time fixed effects entered but not shown. Significance level: * p < .05, ** for p < .01, and *** for p < .001