Table 2.
Intervention characteristics
| Authors and country | Theoretical bases | PA intervention only | Supervised exercise | Intervention provider | Number of contacts | Setting and mode of delivery | Length of intervention | Length of follow-up | Control group instructions | Fidelity assessment | Recruitment rates | Drop out post-intervention follow up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very promising – Significant between group difference | ||||||||||||
|
a Mutrie et al. 2012 [55] UK |
SCT and TTM | Y | Y | Specifically trained exercise specialists | 24 | Group supervised exercise classes and home-based exercise with referral to GP exercise scheme | 3 m | 5 yrs | Printed recommendations. After 6 months offered personal ex plan and GP exercise scheme referral | N | 1144/203 (18%) | Control = 59 (58%) Int = 57 (56%) |
| Pinto et al. 2008 [46] USA | TTM | Y | N | Researchers conducted phone calls | 15 | Telephone delivered home-based | 6 m | 9 m | Contact control - Cancer survivorship tip sheets (not PA related). Telephone calls as per intervention group to monitor symptoms | N | Cannot be calculated | Control = 4 (9.3%) Int =4 (9.3%) |
| Rogers et al. 2015 [57] USA |
SCT | Y | Y | Exercise specialists and group facilitators trained by clinical psychologist | 21 | Supervised exercise sessions, counselling and group discussions. Home-based exercise encouraged | 3 m | 12 m | Usual care plus ACS written materials on PA recommendations | Y | Cannot be calculated | Control = 2 (3.6%) Int = 5 (4.5%) |
| Rogers et al. 2009 [37] Canada |
SCT | Y | Y | Exercise specialist and clinical psychologist | 21 | Supervised exercise sessions and group discussion with home-based exercise encourage | 3 m | 6 m | Usual care plus ACS written materials on PA recommendations | Y | Cannot be calculated | Control = 3 (15%) Int = 2 (9.5%) |
| Belanger et al. 2014 [40] Canada |
TPB | Y | N | - | 0 | Printed 11 chapter guidebook to promoted PA tailored to young adults | 0 m | 4 m | Non tailored print materials, 1 page handout | – | 212/1908 (11%) | Control = 65 (61.3%) Int = 63 (59.4%) |
| Pinto et al. 2015 [68] USA |
TTM and SCT | Y | N | Peer volunteers (with training) | 16 | Peer-led telephone consultation and mailed feedback reports | 3 m | 6 m | Contact control | N | 76/291 (26%) | Control = 6 (16%) Int = 3 (7.7%) |
| Pinto et al. 2013 [56] USA |
TTM and SCT | Y | N | No details provided | 24 | Health care professional advice plus telephone counselling plus printed materials | 6 m | 12 m | Health care professional advice plus contact control | Y | 192/270 (71%) | Control = 5 (20.8%) Int = 6 (9.4%) |
| Dhillon et al. 2017 [69] Australia |
TPB | Y | Y | Physical activity consultant | 8 | Weekly exercise sessions – home-based exercise was encouraged | 2 m | 6 m | Diet and PA education materials | N | 112/254 (44%) | Control = 28 (50.9%) Int = 21 (37.5%) |
| Baumann et al. 2017 [70] Germany |
None | Y | Y | Insufficient details | – | Residential rehab program with telephone follow-up | 8 m | 24 m | 3 week rehab program but not FU care | N | No data provided | NP |
| Hawkes et al. 2013 [39] Australia |
ACT | N | N | Health coaches with degrees in nursing, psychology or health promotion | 15 | Telephone counselling and printed materials | 6 m | 12 m | Generic printed materials promoting PA | Y | 410/792 (52%) | Control = 42 (20.5%) Int = 44 (22.4%) |
| Kanera et al., 2017 [54] Netherlands |
Intervention component derived from SCT, TPB, self-regulation theory and Integrated Model for Change | N | N | - | NR | Web-based lifestyle intervention | 6 m | 12 m | Waitlist control | N | 518/1298 (40%) | Control = 19 (9.0) Int = 62 (36.7%) |
| Witlox et al., 2018 [48] Netherlands |
SCT | Y | Y | Physiotherapist | 36 | Supervised and home-based physical activity | 18wk | 4 yr | Usual care but access to publically available programs after 18wks | N | 237/503 (47%) | 50.8% n = 60 control 41.2% n = 49 int |
| Quite promising - Significant within-group difference baseline to post-intervention follow up | ||||||||||||
| Demark-Wahnefried et al. 2012 [38] USA |
SCT and TTM | N | N | Counsellors (no detail on training/expertise) | 23 | Personally tailored workbook, newsletters and telephone counselling | 10 m | 2 yrs | Waitlist control | N | 641/20015 (3%) | Control = 77 (23.9%) Int = 76 (23.8%) |
| Ottenbacher et al. 2012 [44] USA |
SCT | N | N | - | 14 | Tailored printed materials | 10 m | 2 yrs | Attention control – non tailored printed materials including promotion of PA | ■ – | 543/1570 (44%) | Control = 16 (6.5%) Int = 28 (14.1%) |
| Vallance et al. 2007 [52] Canada |
No data provided | Y | N | No details provided | 2 | Recommendation to exercise, printed materials and pedometer | 3 m | 6 m | Recommendation to exercise | N | 398/1590 (25%) | Control = 28 (29.2%) Int = 26 (27.9%) |
| Pinto et al. 2013 [45] USA |
TTM and SCT | Y | N | Counsellors received training on theoretical basis | 19 | Telephone delivered home-based with printed materials | 6 m | 12 m | Contact control - Cancer survivorship tip sheets (not PA related). Telephone calls as per intervention group to monitor symptoms | Y | 46/168 (27%) | Control = 3 (12%) Int = 1 (5%) |
| Leclerc et al. 2018 [71] Belgium |
None described | Y | Y | Physiotherpaists and professor of physiotherapy and rehabilitation | 36 | Supervised group exercise and education | 3 m | 24 m | Control group – asked not to change exercise behaviour for the entire follow-up period | N | Cannot be calculated | Control = 55 (51.9%) Int = 53 (51.5%) |
| Mayer et al. 2018 [72] USA |
SDT | Y | N | – | – | Smartphone App | 6 m | 9 m | Control Group – National Cancer Institute’s Facing Forward: Life after Cancer Treatment booklet and National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship’s Cancer Survival Toolbox + pedometer | – | 284/465 (61%) | Data not reported at 9 m |
|
bLee et al. 2018 [50] Hong Kong |
TPB and Health Action Process Approach | N | N | No details provided | 32 | Printed materials with motivational phone calls newsletters and group meetings | 12 m | 24 m | Usual care | N | Cannot be calculated | Control groups = 18 (16%) Int groups = 16 (14%) |
| Adams et al. 2018 [42] Canada |
None described | Y | Y | No details provided | 36 | Supervised high intensity exercise sessions | 3 m | 6 m | Usual care – offered 6 week exercise training after final follow-up | N | 7% of potentially eligible patient (63/948) | Control group = 5 (18%) Int groups 6 (17%) |
| Stolley et al. 2017 [73] USA |
Grounded in a socioecological model | N | Y | Study trained community nutritionist and exercise trainer | 48 | Supervised Group exercise and education classes | 6 m | 12 m | Self-guided weight management intervention – printed materials only | N | 246/448 (55%) | Control = 21 (17%) Int = 18 (14%) |
| Not promising - No between or within group differences | ||||||||||||
| Galvo et al. 2017 [53] Australia |
None described | Y | N | Trained peer support workers | 6 | Self-management materials and telephone-based group peer support | 6 m | 12 m | Published patient education materials | N | 463/1314 (32%) | Control = 37 (19.1%) Int = 47 (25.5%) |
| Nyrop et al. 2017 [41] USA |
None described | Y | N | - | 1 | Workbook and home-based walking | 6 wks | 6 m | Waitlist control | – | 78/344 (23%) | N = 21 (33.9%) whole sample |
| Carmack et al. 2006 [51] USA |
SCT and TTM | Y | N | Group facilitators, supervised by clinical psychologist | 20 | Group counselling, home-based exercise encouraged | 6 m | 12 m | Standard care | Y | Cannot be calculated | Control = 3 (8.1) Int = 11 (23.9%) Education control = 7 (13.7%) |
| James et al. 2015 [43] Australia c |
SCT | N | Y | Exercise physiologist | 6 | Group sessions and workbook | 8wk | 20wks | Waitlist control | N | - | - |
| O’Neill et al. 2018 [49] Ireland |
Non described | N | Y | A multidisciplinary team | 14 | Supervised and home-based exercise with education | 3 m | 6 m | Usual care | N | 43/264 = 16% | Control = 1 (5%) Int = 2 (9%) |
| Sandler et al. 2017 [47] Australia |
CBT | N | N | Exercise physiologist and clinical psychologist | 5 | Manualised exercise programme with face-to-face consultations | 3 m | 6 m | Education package and 1 face-to-face meeting with exercise professionals | N | 55/46 = 84% | Control = 2 (8%) Int = 4 (18%) |
aUsed linked texts to extract some intervention characteristics b Study included 4 groups, comparison group classed as usual care or diet intervention only, intervention group = PA only or PA plus diet c attrition data not available as presented for both cancer patients and carers, TTM Transtheoretical Model, SCT Social Cognitive Theory, CBP Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, SDT Self-Determination Theory, ACT Acceptance Commitment Therapy, TBP Theory of Planned Behaviour