Table 5.
Associations between Health Outcomes and Migration
| HH with in-migrants | HH with out-migrants | HH without migrants | Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI) | ||||
| Respondents | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | |||||
| PHQ Depression Scale | ||||||||
| 0–3 | 89, 99.1% (97.4–100%) | 901, 91.7% (87.9–95.4%) | 4764, 95.6% (94.4–96.8%) | 1.03 [1.00, 1.05] | 0.96 [0.92, 1.00] | |||
| 4–6 | 1, 0.9% (0–2.6%) | 78, 8.3% (4.6–12.1%) | 252, 4.4% (3.2–5.6%) | 0.25 [0.03, 1.88] | 1.85 [1.16, 2.97] | |||
| Self-Reported Health | ||||||||
| Good | 42, 43.1% (27.8–58.3%) | 473, 38.6% (32.4–44.8%) | 2605, 45.5% (40.7–50.2%) | 0.94 [0.65, 1.37] | 0.97 [0.84, 1.11] | |||
| Fair | 37, 46.7% (32.2–61.2%) | 412, 48.7% (43.8–54.6%) | 2016, 45.8% (41.2–50.4%) | 1.05 [0.77, 1.43] | 0.97 [0.88, 1.08] | |||
| Poor | 12, 10.2% (2.3–18.2%) | 105, 12.7% (8.4–17%) | 433, 8.7% (7.1–10.4%) | 1.17 [0.57, 2.40] | 1.28 [0.90, 1.81] | |||
| Health Care Provider | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI) | |||
| Government Health Center | 6, 6.7% (0–15.7%) | 60, 8.1% (4.2–12.1%) | 383, 8.3% (6.1–10.6%) | 0.84 [0.28, 2.56] | 1.24 [0.76, 2.01] | |||
| Ethnic Clinic | 20, 31.6% (15.5–47.8%) | 113, 18.4% (11.3–25.6%) | 612, 18.2% (13.2–23.3%) | 1.40 [0.87, 2.24] | 0.93 [0.70, 1.25] | |||
| VHW or Medic | 26, 41.6% (24.3–58.9%) | 332, 45.5% (34.9–56.2%) | 1673, 51.2% (44.1–58.3%) | 0.78 [0.48, 1.25] | 0.90 [0.73, 1.12] | |||
| Traditional Healer | 2, 5.8% (0–12.9%) | 8, 1.3% (0.2–2.4%) | 63, 2.6% (1.3–3.8%) | 4.16 [1.33, 13.02] | 0.44 [0.16, 1.17] | |||
| Friend or Relative or Family | 0, 0.0% (0–0%) | 41, 7.7% (2.2–13.2%) | 159, 4.5% (2.9–6.2%) | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 1.53 [0.89, 2.62] | |||
| Pharmacy | 7, 14.2% (3.2–25.3%) | 93, 18.9% (13–24.8%) | 383, 15.1% (10.2–20.1%) | 0.87 [0.43, 1.75] | 1.18 [0.93, 1.50] | |||
| All subjects | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI) | |||
| Slept under ITN last night | 393, 72.5% (58.4–86.7%) | 3277, 64.5% (58.1–70.9%) | 16,725, 63.5% (58.2–68.7%) | 1.08 [0.89, 1.30] | 1.08 [0.99, 1.17] | |||
| Pf positive (RDT) | 2, 3.8% (0–10.8%) | 10, 2.5% (0.3–4.6%) | 33, 2.1% (0.9–3.2%) | 0.97 [0.10, 9.05] | 1.08 [0.38, 3.09] | |||
| WRA | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI) | |||
| Malnutrition among WRA | 13, 17.8% (6–29.6%) | 99, 12.9% (9.2–16.7%) | 383, 10.7% (8.4–13.1%) | 2.08 [1.29, 3.36] | 1.09 [0.78, 1.52] | |||
| Unmet Need for Contraception | 18, 34.5% (21.9–47.1%) | 119, 32.7% (25.8–39.6%) | 454, 19.7% (16.9–22.5%) | 1.58 [1.11, 2.26] | 1.22 [0.95, 1.56] | |||
| Who attended last delivery? | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI) | |||
| Doctor | 6, 6.7% (0.5–12.9%) | 21, 6.4% (2.3–10.4%) | 160, 5.0% (3.4–6.5%) | 1.49 [0.62, 3.59] | 1.32 [0.62, 2.82] | |||
| HA | 6, 9.6% (0.8–18.3%) | 19, 5.95 (2.1–9.7%) | 110, 6.1% (3.3–8.8%) | 1.95 [0.84, 4.53] | 1.38 [0.86, 2.22] | |||
| Medic | 15, 23.7% (6.8–40.6%) | 39, 9.9% (5.1–14.7%) | 187, 6.8% (4.3–9.3%) | 1.70 [1.00, 2.91] | 1.36 [0.90, 2.06] | |||
| TBA | 21, 52.0% (27.7–76.3%) | 22, 64.5% (56–72.9%) | 1406, 74.2% (68.9–79.5%) | 0.80 [0.54, 1.18] | 0.88 [0.78, 0.99] | |||
| Other | 5, 8.0% (0.6–15.4%) | 34, 13.4% (6.5–20.2%) | 102, 8.0% (4.6–11.3%) | 0.99 [0.35, 2.86] | 1.23 [0.78, 1.94] | |||
| Doctor (binary version) | 6, 6.1% (0.4–11.8%) | 246.2 (2.5–10%) | 195, 5.4% (3.8–7%) | 1.24 [0.50, 3.03] | 1.24 [0.62, 2.49] | |||
| HA (binary version) | 8, 10.0% (1.6–18.4%) | 28, 6.6% (3.1–10.2%) | 144, 6.9% (3.9–9.9%) | 1.79 [0.83, 3.83] | 1.38 [0.88, 2.15] | |||
| Medic (binary version) | 26, 24.2% (8.4–39.9%) | 60, 15.9% (10.2–21.7%) | 292, 10.3% (7.3–13.3%) | 1.50 [0.91, 2.48] | 1.45 [1.04, 2.02] | |||
| THW (binary version) | 24, 54.8% (32–6,77%) | 253, 68.6% (60.6–76.5%) | 1635, 77.1% (72.-81.7%) | 0.80 [0.57, 1.13] | 0.89 [0.80, 0.99] | |||
| Other (binary version) | 9, 13.4% (4.1–22.6%) | 41, 15.3% (8.5–22.1%) | 194, 14.1% (9–19.2%) | 0.97 [0.45,2.09] | 0.87 [0.56,1.35] | |||
| Children under 5 | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI) | |||
| Slept under ITN last night | 69, 80.7% (68.6–92.8%) | 420, 72.6% (64.8–80.5%) | 2477, 68.7% (62.7–74.7%) | 1.10 [0.96, 1.27] | 1.13 [1.02, 1.24] | |||
| MUAC | ||||||||
| Mild | 3, 4.2% (0–10%) | 50, 15.2% (11.3–19.1%) | 334, 14.4% (11.7–17%) | 0.33 [0.08,1.36] | 1.09 [0.78,1.52] | |||
| Moderate | 1, 0.7% (0–2.1%) | 24, 6.6% (3.7–9.5%) | 142, 6.3% (4.4–8.3%) | 0.13 [0.02, 0.99] | 1.24 [0.73, 2.12] | |||
| Severe | 0, 0.0% (0–0%) | 13, 4.0% (1.6–6.5%) | 97, 5.4% (2.9–7.9%) | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 0.75 [0.40, 1.38] | |||
| GAM (Moderate or severe) | 1, 0.5% (0–1.4%) | 37, 7.3% (4.3–10.2%) | 239, 8.7% (5.9–11.4%) | 0.06 [0.01, 0.49] | 0.95 [0.59, 1.51] | |||
| Child Diarrhea, 2wks | 18, 26.2% (13.9–38.6%) | 127, 24.6% (18.6–30.5%) | 617, 18.4% (15.7–21%) | 1.36 [0.86, 2.15] | 1.34 [1.03, 1.73] | |||
| Receipt of Vitamin A | 14, 28.8% (9.7–47.9%) | 182, 42.2% (34.2–50.3%) | 1107,40.8% (34.9–46.8%) | 0.82 [0.49, 1.37] | 1.07 [0.88, 1.30] | |||
| Receipt of Deworming | 27, 48.1% (30.8–65.4%) | 206, 53.8% (45.8–61.9%) | 1345, 55.4% (49.9–61%) | 0.87 [0.58, 1.31] | 0.98 [0.84, 1.14] | |||
| Birth record | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | n, % (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI) | |||
| No record | 40, 47.4% (35.8–58.9%) | 284, 48.8% (40.7–56.9%) | 1853, 56.4% (50.6–62.2%) | 0.83 [0.63,1.09] | 0.85 [0.76,0.96] | |||
| Ethnic record | 23, 33.6% (20–47.1%) | 139, 36.6% (27.9–45.3%) | 783, 32.2% (26–38.3%) | 1.07 [0.74, 1.53] | 1.12 [0.92, 1.37] | |||
| Government record | 7, 10.3% (0.8–19.8%) | 94, 12.7% (6.8–18.5%) | 511, 9.9% (7.3–12.5%) | 1.22 [0.50, 2.98] | 1.76 [1.20, 2.59] | |||
| Other country’s record | 9, 8.7% (1.3–16.1%) | 21, 2.0% (0.7–3.2%) | 95, 1.5% (0.9–2.2%) | 2.31 [0.83, 6.47] | 1.17 [0.72, 1.91] | |||
| HH level outcomes | n, % or Mean (95% CI) | n, % or Mean (95% CI) | n, % or Mean (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: IN vs. NON (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio: OUT vs. NON (95% CI) | |||
| Household has latrine | 44, 31.0% 18.2–43.8%) | 606, 51.9% (43.5–60.3%) | 3075, 53.4% (47.8–59.1%) | 0.60 [0.38, 0.94] | 0.94 [0.83, 1.08] | |||
| Number of ITNs per person | 0.42 (0.35, 0.49) | 0.46 (0.40,0.53) | 0.41 (0.38, 0.45) | 0.02 [−0.05, 0.09] | 0.14 [0.08, 0.19] | |||
| Mortality | Deaths | Incidence per 1000 | Deaths | Incidence per 1000 | Deaths | Incidence per 1000 | Adjusted Incidence | Adjusted Incidence |
| Crude mortality rate | 2 | 6 (0, 15.3) | 51 | 9 (4.6, 12.8) | 177 | 9 (6.5, 11.7) | 0.72 [0.14, 3.60] | 0.94 [0.57, 1.57] |
| Child death ASDR-5 | 2 | 40 (0, 100) | 16 | 42(13.4, 71) | 65 | 28 (17.4,39.2) | 1.62 [0.30, 8.82] | 1.53 [0.71, 3.30] |
24 HH with in and out-migration omitted from this analysis