Table 3.
Health care utilization and health expenditure
| Variables | General Sample N (%) | SSS Sample N (%) | Significance of the differences between the samples | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any symptoms of illness during the past 12 months | N = 320 | N = 320 | |||
| Yes = 1 | 123 (38.4%) | 177 (55.3%) | 0.000 a | ||
| No = 0 | 197 (61.6%) | 143 (44.7%) | |||
| Seek/receive health care services during the past 12 months (physician visit or hospitalization) | N = 123 | N = 177 | |||
| Yes = 1 | 107 (87.0%) | 160 (90.4%) | 0.322 a | ||
| No = 0 | 17 (13%) | 17 (9.6%) | |||
| Types of services received (excluding respondents who did not seek/receive health services during the past 12 months) | N = 107 | N = 160 | |||
| Nearby health center | 21 (19.6%) | 26 (16.3%) | |||
| General Practitioner | 36 (33.6%) | 72 (45.0%) | |||
| Outpatient care (public) | 8 (7.5%) | 8 (5.0%) | |||
| Outpatient care (private) | 34 (31.8%) | 7 (4.4%) | |||
| Hospital | 5 (4.7%) | 7 (4.4%) | |||
| Traditional healer | 1 (0.9%) | – | |||
| Abroad | 2 (1.9%) | – | |||
| Clinic in industry | – | 1 (0.6%) | |||
| NGO owned hospital | – | 1(0.6%) | |||
| Go to Health Assistant | – | 1 (0.6%) | |||
| SSS clinic | 37 (23.1%) | ||||
| Reasons to choose health facility (excluding respondents who received health care from traditional healer and others) | N = 104 | N = 120 | |||
| Close facility | Yes = 1 | 55 (52.9%) | 70 (58.3%) | 0.414 a | |
| No = 0 | 49 (47.1%) | 50 (41.7%) | |||
| Low cost | Yes = 1 | 16 (15.4%) | 11 (9.2%) | ||
| No = 0 | 88 (84.6%) | 109 (90.8%) | 0.155 a | ||
| Short waiting time | Yes = 1 | 5 (4.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.067 a | |
| No = 0 | 99 (95.2%) | 119 (99.2%) | |||
| Best quality | Yes = 1 | 29 (27.9%) | 15 (12.5%) | 0.004 a | |
| No = 0 | 75 (72.1%) | 105 (87.5%) | |||
| Recommended | Yes = 1 | 9 (8.7%) | 13 (10.8%) | 0.585 a | |
| No = 0 | 95 (91.3%) | 107 (89.2%) | |||
| Brought by someone | Yes = 1 | 6 (5.8%) | 7 (5.8%) | 0.984 a | |
| No = 0 | 98 (94.2%) | 113 (94.2%) | |||
| Others | Yes = 1 | 8 (7.7%) | 16 (13.3%) | 0.174 a | |
| No = 0 | 96 (92.3%) | 104 (86.7%) | |||
| Distance between health facility and resident (minutes) | N = 104 | N = 120 | |||
| Median | 15 | 15 | 0.259 b | ||
| Mean | 28 | 34 | |||
| SD | 36 | 40 | |||
| Waiting time at the facility (minutes) | N = 104 | N = 120 | |||
| Median | 30 | 15 | 0.007 b | ||
| Mean | 46 | 29 | |||
| SD | 53 | 39 | |||
| Satisfaction with the quality of health care received | Very good | 11 (10.6%) | 11 (9.2%) | ||
| Good | 73 (70.2%) | 74 (61.7%) | 0.256 b | ||
| Normal | 17 (16.3%) | 34 (28.3%) | |||
| Poor | 3 (2.9%) | 1 (0.8%) | |||
| Payment method for health services used | N = 104 | N = 120 | |||
| Social security scheme (SSS) | Yes = 1 | – | 109 (90.8%) | 0.002 a | |
| No = 0 | 104 (100%) | 11 (9.2%) | |||
| Community-based health insurance (CBHI) | Yes = 1 | – | – | ||
| No = 0 | 104 (100%) | 120 (100%) | 1.000 a | ||
| Out-of-pocket payments (OPPs) | Yes = 1 | 102 (98.1%) | 110 (91.7%) | ||
| No = 0 | 2 (1.9%) | 10 (8.3%) | 0.034 a | ||
| Other (e.g. helping by relatives or employers) | Yes = 1 | 2 (1.9%) | – | ||
| No = 0 | 102 (98.1%) | 120 (100%) | 0.128 a | ||
| Total out-of-pocket expenditure for health care received (MMK) c (includes respondents who used out-of-pocket payment to cover the expenditure for receiving health care) |
N = 100 missing = 2 |
N = 109 missing = 1 |
|||
| Median | 8000 | 4500 | 0.050 b | ||
| Mean | 247,582 | 31,728 | |||
| SD | 1,091,442 | 88,410 | |||
| Amount of money paid out of pocket for medicinal used (MMK)c |
N = 93 missing = 9 |
N = 106 missing = 4 |
|||
| Median | 15,000 | 3000 | 0.039 b | ||
| Mean | 192,113 | 37,073 | |||
| SD | 709,785 | 117,252 | |||
| Borrowed money to cover the expenditure of health care used | N = 102 | N = 110 | |||
| Yes | 14 (13.7%) | 14 (12.7%) | 0.873 a | ||
| No | 87 (85.3%) | 95 (86.4%) | |||
| Missing | 1 (1%) | 1 (0.9%) | |||
| Amount of borrowed money to cover the expenditure of health care used (MMK)c (includes respondents who borrowed money to pay for receiving health care) | N = 14 |
N = 13 missing = 1 |
|||
| Median | 72,500 | 40,000 | 0.119 b | ||
| Mean | 527,286 | 90,192 | |||
| SD | 964,538 | 145,704 | |||
| Sold properties to cover the expenditure of health care used | N = 102 | N = 110 | |||
| Yes | 2 (2.0%) | 4 (3.6%) | 0.620 a | ||
| No | 79 (77.5%) | 105 (95.5%) | |||
| Missing | 21 (20.6%) | 1 (0.9%) | |||
| Amount of money from the sold assets to cover the expenditure of health care used (MMK) c (includes respondents who sold properties to pay for receiving health care) | N = 2 | N = 3 missing = 1 | |||
| Median | 112,500 | 70,000 | 0.692 b | ||
| Mean | 112,500 | 78,333 | |||
| SD | 123,744 | 57,951 | |||
a Mann-Whitney U Test; b Independent samples t-test; c Exchange rate 1000 MMK = 0.81 USD (2015)