Table 1.
Characteristics of the different study cohorts comprising healthy volunteers (HC), standard care patients with bacterial infections (SC), and intensive care unit (ICU) patients
| HC | SC | ICU | ICU, sepsis | ICU, no sepsis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 27 | 48 | 87 | 44 | 43 |
| Male/female, n | 12/15 | 33/15 | 55/32 | 24/20 | 31/12 |
| Age median (range), years | 33 (22–77) | 65.5 (21–90) | 65 (18–97) | 68 (18–97) | 58 (23–92) |
| Days in hospital, median (range) | – | 6.0 (2.0–25.0) | 12.0 (1.0–97.0) | 11.5 (1.0–97.0) | 12.0 (2.0–89.0) |
| Days on ICU, median (range) | – | – | 5.0 (1.0–79.0) | 5.0 (1.0–79.0) | 5.0 (1.0–37.0) |
| Death on ICU, n (%) | – | – | 25 (28.7) | 15 (34.1) | 10 (23.3) |
| APACHE II score, median (range) | – | – | 25 (4–46) | 26 (12–41) | 23 (4–46) |
| Absence of shock, n (%) | – | – | 56 (64) | 31 (70.5) | 25 (58.1) |
| Leukocytes median (range), × 103/μl | 5.8 (3.8–8.9) | 9.3 (2.1–23) | 14.1 (0.5–41.9) | 15.7 (0.5–42.9) | 10.6 (2.7–31.4) |
| WBC Neutrophils median (range), % | 56.4 (37.7–68.0) | 78.4 (18.0–98.0) | 87.7 (16.0–97.0) | 90.3 (16.0–97.0) | 86.0 (57.9–94.9) |
| WBC Monocytes median (range), % | 7.2 (3.0–12.8) | 7.0 (0.1–51.0) | 4.7 (0.0–18.0) | 4.1 (0.0–12.2) | 6.4 (0.1–18.0) |
| WBC Lymphocytes median (range), % | 32.2 (18.2–49.0) | 11.6 (1.0–39.4) | 4.7 (0.0–48.0) | 3.8 (0.1–48.0) | 6.6 (0.0–31.2) |
| CRP median (range), mg/l | – | 86.8 (0.8–341.5) | 66.6 (0.5–350.0) | 135.5 (2.0–350.0) | 37.4 (0.5–231.0) |
| PCT median (range), μg/l | – | – | 1.0 (0.1–100.0) | 2.18 (0.1–100.0) | 0.8 (0.4–68.3) |
| ALT median (range), U/L | – | 21.0 (5.0–84.0) | 34.5 (5.0–9079.0) | 26.0 (5.0–1280) | 44.0 (6.0–9079.0) |
| AST median (range), U/L | – | 32.0 (15.0–168.0) | 53.5 (7.0–19,969.0) | 36.0 (7.0–1178) | 76.0 (14.0–19,969.0) |
| Gamma GT median (range) U/L | – | 49.0 (8.0–636.0) | 81.0 (8.0–168.0) | 67.0 (4.0–781.0) | 84.0 (9.0–1923) |
| ALP median (range), U/L | – | 84.0 (35.0–286.0) | 106.0 (19.0–530.0) | 102.0 (39.0–350.0) | 115.5 (19.0–530.0) |
| Bilirubin (total), mg/dl | – | 0.64 (0.15–7.91) | 0.78 (0.14–27.36) | 0.64 (0.14–17.0) | 1.0 (0.21–27.4) |
| Hb median (range), mmol/l | 14.4 (12.7–16.0) | 12.45 (7.1–17.5) | 10.2 (5.6–16.1) | 9.9 (7.0–16.1) | 10.6 (5.6–15.5) |
| Creatinine median (range), mg/dl | – | 0.96 (0.53–5.79) | 1.5 (0.24–6.0) | 1.6 (0.24–6.0) | 1.9 (0.4–5.88) |
| GFR (range), ml/min | 82.4 (8.5–139.8) | 45.0 (6.0–167.4) | 35.2 (6.0–130.6) | 52.9 (7.3–167.4) | |
| Urea (range), mg/dl | – | 39.0 (11.0–182.0) | 64.0 (10.0–233.0) | 82.0 (26.0–233.0) | 60.0 (10.0–213.0) |
| suPAR median (range), ng/ml | 2.14 (0.0–3.5) | 5.9 (2.1–24.1) | 9.7 (0.38–38) | 10.82 (0.38–38) | 8.32 (1.54–38) |
| uPAR positive neutrophils median (range), % of neutrophils | 94.7 (43.7–99.8) | 87.7 (8.83–99.6) | 58.3 (3.65–99.87) | 51.6 (4.62–99.85) | 60.9 (10.0–99.0) |
Abbreviations: ALP alkaline phosphatase, ALT/AST alanine/aspartate aminotransferase, APACHE II Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation, CRP C-reactive protein, GFR glomerular filtration rate, Hb hemoglobin, HC healthy control, ICU intensive care unit, SC standard care, PCT procalcitonin, (s)UPAR (soluble) urokinase plasminogen activation receptor, WBC white blood cell count
The two right columns differentiate characteristics of ICU patients with or without sepsis